Comprehensive analysis of tropical rooftop PV project: A case study in nanning by Xuecheng Wang, Xing Gao, Yuming Wu

“…Our analysis shows that: 1) the annual optimal azimuth and tilt angle in Nanning are 245° and 32.5°, respectively; 2) the tilt angle in southwest orientation has more space for adjustment, while that in the opposite orientation should remain horizontal; 3) for flat roofs, being fixed at the annual optimal angles is practical, while for gable roofs, the east-west direction is favorable; 4) the total potential of rooftop PV projects in Nanning can reach 19.99 TWh/year, resolving 76.1% of the social electricity demand. …”
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QUALITY ANALYSIS ON RANSAC-BASED ROOF FACETS EXTRACTION FROM AIRBORNE LIDAR DATA by J. Yan, W. Jiang, J. Shan, J. Shan

“…Airborne LIDAR data from the test Area 1 and Area 2 in Vaihingen (German) is used. 33 buildings (4 buildings with flat roofs and 29 buildings with slope roofs) extracted from LIDAR data are taken as input for planes extraction. …”
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Numerical investigation of wind influences on photovoltaic arrays mounted on roof by Jiayang Li, Lewei Tong, Jianming Wu, Yeming Pan

“…Both the row spacing of PV array and the building height have a great effect on the maximum aerodynamic uplift for gable roofs, whereas both of them have slight influence for flat roofs.…”
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The application of liquid membrane waterproofing system for water tank work at kolej Pasir Salak / Nur Fatin Syamimi Mohd Afandi by Nur Fatin Syamimi, Mohd Afandi

“…Waterproofing is used in reference to building structures such as basement, flat roofs and wet areas. Modern items also can be waterproofed by applying water-repellent coatings. …”
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THE 3 - IN - 1 SKYLIGHT SHADING DEVICE FOR SURABAYA INDONESIA: AN ENERGY SAVING AND CONSIDERATIONS by Danny Santoso Mintorogo

“…In the tropical humid climate, Indonesia has received huge amount of global direct and diffuse radiations on horizontal roofs throughout the year, approximately 575 watts per square meter of radiation will impact on flat roofs or skylights on a sunny day in Surabaya city. …”
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Impact of roof shape on indoor gaseous pollutant level for natural ventilation buildings in a street canyon: Numerical simulation by Haiying Xie, Tianxiao Zhang

“…When the building main height equals to the width of the street, flat roofs make the indoor concentration basically consistent with that near the external walls of the canyon. …”
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A Review of Roofing Methods: Construction Features, Heat Reduction, Payback Period and Climatic Responsiveness by Majed Abuseif, Zhonghua Gou

“…This paper is a systematic literature review about roofing methods for flat roofs. Ten roofing methods are reviewed in this paper. …”
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State of Conservation of Concrete Heritage Buildings: A European Screening by Gabriel Pardo Redondo, Giovanna Franco, Antroula Georgiou, Ioannis Ioannou, Barbara Lubelli, Stefano F. Musso, Silvia Naldini, Cristiana Nunes, Rita Vecchiattini

“…The use of plasters, flat roofs, and structural façade walls show a positive effect in protecting the concrete. …”
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DERIVATION OF BUILDING STRUCTURES FROM NOISY DIGITAL SURFACE MODELS by T. Krauß

“…Since those regions on top of roofs are mostly good illuminated we can derive the ridges of roofs and flat roofs and also ground areas. All narrow, flat, elevated areas are ridges and may occur on roofs or on trees. …”
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THE AQUATIC-POLYCARBONATE SKYLIGHT FOR SURABAYA INDONESIA by Danny Santoso Mintorogo

“…In the tropical hot humid climate, Indonesia has received huge amount of global direct and diffuse radiations on horizontal roofs throughout the year, approximately 525 watts per square meter of solar radiation will impact on flat roofs or skylights on a clear sunny day in Surabaya city. …”
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On the Effects of Variation of Thermal Conductivity in Buildings in the Italian Construction Sector by Umberto Berardi, Lamberto Tronchin, Massimiliano Manfren, Benedetto Nastasi

“…This study aims to evaluate how temperature affects thermal conductivity of materials in building components such as exterior walls and flat roofs in different climate conditions. Therefore, experimental conductivities measured for four common insulation materials have been used as a basis to simulate the behavior of typical construction components in three different Italian climate conditions, corresponding to the cities of Turin, Rome, and Palermo.…”
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Quantifying the Long-Term Performance of Rainwater Harvesting in Cyclades, Greece by Ioannis Zarikos, Nadia Politi, Nikolaos Gounaris, Stelios Karozis, Diamando Vlachogiannis, Athanasios Sfetsos

“…RWH is an inherent aspect of the local population’s culture and architecture, since most houses have built-in water tanks and flat roofs to harvest as much rainwater as possible. …”
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Forces and Moments on Flat Plates of Small Aspect Ratio with Application to PV Wind Loads and Small Wind Turbine Blades by Xavier Ortiz, David Rival, David Wood

“…To improve knowledge of the wind loads on photovoltaic structures mounted on flat roofs at the high angles required in high latitudes, and to study starting flow on low aspect ratio wind turbine blades, a series of wind tunnel tests were undertaken. …”
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An estimation framework of regional rooftop photovoltaic potential based on satellite remote sensing images by Boyu Chen, Yanbo Che, Jingkai Wang, Hongfeng Li, Linjun Yu, Dacheng Wang

“…Based on the difference in the roof inclination, the rooftops can be divided into flat roofs, on which the PV panels are installed with the optimal inclination angle, and sloped rooftops, on which the PV panels are installed in a lay-flat manner. …”
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Analysis Of Wind Pressure Effect On Gambrel Roof Of A Low-Rise Building Using Computational Fluid Dynamic (Cfd) by Suhailmi, Mardhiah Muhammad

“…On the other side, there are studies that use CFD simulations in a two-dimensional environment but with several kinds of roofs, such as gable roofs, flat roofs, and roof pitches of varying degrees. From the acquired data, the size and trajectories of the wind flows may be determined. …”
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Evaluation of the Influences of Different Roof Shapes on the Flow Properties and Performance of Small Wind Turbines by Alexander Hirschl, Daniel Österreicher

“…In comparison, there is an increase of 0.4 m/s on flat roofs at hub height (7 m). In relation to the performance of the turbines, high turbulence on the roof seems to cancel out this effect. …”

Developing a Performance-Based Approach to the Effect of Roof Features on Fire Safety in Buildings with Atriums by Mehmet Akif Yıldız, Figen Beyhan

“…As a result of the numerical analyses consisting of flat, unidirectional, and bidirectional sloping roof type, 10, 20, 30-degree roof slope, and one-meter rising atrium roof variables, the effect degrees for smoke dispersal and temperature control are investigated.Fire Dynamic Simulator, which uses CFD capabilities, and Smokeview software, which can visualize the results, were used for the numerical analysis.Correlation analysis was used to determine the effect of variables on temperature.The results showed that flat roofs and designs with increasing height were effective in delaying the spread of smoke and increasing the stack effect in the atrium, while the contribution of roof slope to fire safety was weak.…”
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Design and Build of a Warped Tram Station Roof in Delft by M. Eekhout, W. Lockefeer, D. Staaks

“…Although the theory was investigated and set up after the first application in Alphen, it was only after establishment of this very theory that several buildings could be provided with accurately engineered twisted roofs and flat roofs with twisted parts, where the glass panels were even insulated / laminated glass panels. …”
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The urban heat island effect in Dutch city centres by Leyre Echevarria Icaza, Frank van der Hoeven, Andy van den Dobbelsteen

“…For instance, applying white coatings on bitumen flat roofs (or replacing them by white single-ply membranes) and replacing sloped roof clay tiles by coloured tiles with cool pigments can reduce the urban heat hotspots by approximately 1.5°C. …”
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Exploring the impact of vertically separated flows on wind loads of multi-level structures by Chia Mohammadjani, Ioannis Zisis

“…The behavior of wind around perpendicularly attached surfaces is not quite similar to that of individual flat roofs or walls. When a body is composed of several surfaces with right or oblique angles, the separated flow from surfaces and their interactions will cause complex flow patterns around each surface. …”
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