THE CONFINING STRING AND ITS TENSION FOR SU(2) GAUGE-FIELDS IN 2+1 DIMENSIONS by Teper, M

“…The dominant fluctuations of the confining flux tube appear to be simple wavelike oscillations. …”

Nonperturbative and Thermal Dynamics of Confined Fields in Dual QCD by H. C. Chandola, Deependra Singh Rawat, Dinesh Yadav, H. C. Pandey, H. Dehnen

“…The possible annihilation/unification of flux tubes under some typical flux tube density and temperature conditions in the magnetic symmetry broken phase of QCD has also been analyzed and shown to play an important role in the process of QGP formation. …”
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Sampling the lattice Nambu-Goto string using Continuous Normalizing Flows by Michele Caselle, Elia Cellini, Alessandro Nada

“…Abstract Effective String Theory (EST) represents a powerful non-perturbative approach to describe confinement in Yang-Mills theory that models the confining flux tube as a thin vibrating string. EST calculations are usually performed using the zeta-function regularization: however there are situations (for instance the study of the shape of the flux tube or of the higher order corrections beyond the Nambu-Goto EST) which involve observables that are too complex to be addressed in this way. …”
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Effects of spatial diffusion in the inner plasma sheet and the structure of the diffusion tensor by V. E. Zakharov, M. I. Pudovkin

“…A standard pair of equations is used to describe the behaviour of a single monoenergetic particle (proton or electron) population on a geomagnetic flux tube drifting in the magnetosphere. When particle losses from the drifting flux tube into the ionosphere are neglected, this behaviour is adiabatic in a thermodynamic sense. …”
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Tachyon Condensation in a Chromomagnetic Center Vortex Background by Michael Bordag

“…The chromomagnetic vacuum of SU(2) gluodynamics is considered in the background of a finite radius flux tube (center vortex) with a homogeneous field inside and a zero field outside. …”
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Exploring quantum entanglement in chiral symmetry partial restoration with 1+1 string model by Wei Kou, Xurong Chen

“…Within the confining color flux tube picture, we assess the color electric field generated by quark-antiquark pairs within the framework of the Schwinger model and estimate its impact on the chiral condensate. …”
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Observations of Twist, Current Helicity, and Writhe in the Magnetic Knots of δ-sunspots Consistent with the Kink Instability of a Highly Twisted Flux Rope by Peter J. Levens, Aimee A. Norton, Mark G. Linton, Kalman J. Knizhnik, Yang Liu

“…We find that H _r ^c , α _r , and W have the same sign for each magnetic knot, as predicted in simulations of a kink instability acting on highly twisted flux tubes. The deformed flux tube causing the δ -formation, the magnetic knot, is only a portion of the entire AR and demonstrates the potential for the kink instability to act on a smaller spatial scale within the AR. …”
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Phenomenology of exotic hadrons - hybrid mesons and pentaquarks by Dudek, J, Dudek, Jozef

“…</p> <p>In the hybrid meson sector, we work within the flux-tube model and extend upon an observation made by Isgur that the oscillations of the flux-tube can have dynamical effects upon the quarks living on the ends of the tube. …”

Poynting Flux of MHD Modes in Magnetic Solar Vortex Tubes by Samuel J. Skirvin, Viktor Fedun, Marcel Goossens, Suzana S. A. Silva, Gary Verth

“…We model a solar vortex tube as a straight magnetic flux tube with a background azimuthal velocity component. …”
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Analytical representation and finite element analysis of magnetically-geared permanent magnet machines by Mohammadi Yangijeh, Sajjad.

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Full-flux-surface effects on electrostatic turbulence in Wendelstein 7-X-like plasmas by Felix Wilms, Alejandro Bañón Navarro, Frank Jenko

“…Nevertheless, we observe that for some of the cases shown here, there is not only quantitative but also qualitative disagreement between flux-tube and FFS simulations, in contrast to earlier studies with an adiabatic electron model. …”
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On factorization of multiparticle pentagons by A.V. Belitsky

“…In particular, we verify multiparticle factorization of charged pentagon transitions in terms of pentagons for single flux-tube excitations within the framework of refined operator product expansion. …”
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On the propagation of bubbles in the geomagnetic tail by J. Birn, J. Raeder, J. Raeder, Y. L. Wang, Y. L. Wang, R. A. Wolf, M. Hesse

“…Using three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic simulations, we investigate the propagation of low-entropy magnetic flux tubes ("bubbles") in the magnetotail. Our simulations address fundamental properties of the propagation and dynamics of such flux tubes rather than the actual formation process. …”
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Magnetic field amplification in electron phase-space holes and related effects by R. A. Treumann, R. A. Treumann, W. Baumjohann

“…The flux tube adjacent to the electron hole is magnetically depleted by the external hole dipole field. …”
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Density profiles of plasmas confined by the field of a Levitating Dipole Magnet by Boxer, Alexander C

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Latitudinal extension of low-latitude scintillations measured with a network of GPS receivers by C. E. Valladares, J. Villalobos, R. Sheehan, M. P. Hagan

“…When the equatorial F-layer is above 500km, neither of the two requirements is needed, as the flux tube seems to be inherently unstable. We discuss these findings in terms of the Rayleigh-Taylor instability (RTI) mechanism for flux-tube integrated quantities. …”
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Multichannel conformal blocks for scattering amplitudes by A.V. Belitsky

“…By performing resummation of small fermion–antifermion pairs within the pentagon form factor program to scattering amplitudes in planar N=4 superYang–Mills theory, we construct multichannel conformal blocks within the flux-tube picture for N-sided NMHV polygons. This procedure is equivalent to summation of descendants of conformal primaries in the OPE framework. …”
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On the solar activity dependence of midnight equatorial plasma bubbles during June solstice periods by K. K. Ajith, S. Tulasi Ram, GuoZhu Li, M. Yamamoto, K. Hozumi, C. Y. Yatini, P. Supnithi

“…Results obtained from term-by-term analysis of the flux tube integrated linear growth rate of RT instability indicate that the formation of a high flux tube electron content height gradient (steep vertical gradient) region at higher altitudes, due to the elevated F layer, is the key factor enhancing the growth rate of RT instability during low solar activity June solstices. …”
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Generation of Vertical Flows by Torsional Alfvén Pulses in Zero-beta Tubes with a Transitional Layer by Joseph Scalisi, Michael S. Ruderman, Robertus Erdélyi

“…The wave pulse is introduced at the lower boundary of the flux tube and interacts with the transitional layer, also being partially reflected. …”
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Alfvén Wave Conversion to Low Frequency Fast Magnetosonic Waves in Magnetar Magnetospheres by Dominic Bernardi, Yajie Yuan, Alexander Y. Chen

“…For Alfvén wave trains that do not completely fill the flux tube confining them, we find a fast wave dominated by a low frequency component with a wavelength defined by the bouncing time of the Alfvén waves. …”
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