Ink Tone Analysis of Printed Character Images towards Identification of Medieval Korean Printing Technique: <i>The Song of Enlightenment</i> (1239), <i>the Jikji</i> (1377), and <i>the Gutenberg Bible</i> (~1455) by Woo Sik Yoo

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Direct Evidence of Metal Type Printing in <i>The Song of Enlightenment</i>, Korea, 1239 by Woo Sik Yoo

“…The version of interest was very likely printed using movable metal type in September 1239, as indicated in the imprint, and is definitely the world’s oldest extant book, printed using metal type in Korea in 1239, predating <i>Jikji</i> (1377) by 138 years and the 42-line Gutenberg Bible (1455) by 216 years.…”
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Publishing in the modern era by Shahid A Sami, Fatema Jawad

“…The first printing press was created by Johannes Gutenberg from Germany in the 15th century which lead to printing of the ‘Gutenberg Bible’, opening the gateway to fast dissemination of knowledge and start of ‘Gutenberg Revolution’ with spread of the printing press and mass production of books.1 The offset printing was introduced in the late 19th century and was considered the best printing method. …”
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Publishing in the modern era by Shahid A Sami, Fatema Jawad

“…The first printing press was created by Johannes Gutenberg from Germany in the 15th century which lead to printing of the ‘Gutenberg Bible’, opening the gateway to fast dissemination of knowledge and start of ‘Gutenberg Revolution’ with spread of the printing press and mass production of books.1 The offset printing was introduced in the late 19th century and was considered the best printing method. …”
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