Barriers and enablers of community engagement practices for the prevention of snakebite envenoming in South Asia: A qualitative exploratory study by N.J. Ten Have, Gaby I. Ooms, Benjamin Waldmann, Tim Reed

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Civil society engagement in multi-stakeholder dialogue: a qualitative study exploring the opinions and perceptions of MeTA members by Gemma L. Buckland-Merrett, Catherine Kilkenny, Tim Reed

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Healthcare workers’ perspectives on access to sexual and reproductive health services in the public, private and private not-for-profit sectors: insights from Kenya, Tanzania, Ugan... by Gaby I. Ooms, Janneke van Oirschot, Dorothy Okemo, Tim Reed, Hendrika A. van den Ham, Aukje K. Mantel-Teeuwisse

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Availability, price, and affordability of antiseizure medicines in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia by Fikreselam Habte Hailemariam, Mekdes Shifa, Chalelgn Kassaw

“…The data were analyzed using the modified World Health Organization/Health Action International workbook part I excel sheet. Descriptive results were reported in text and table format. …”
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Availability, prices and affordability of UN Commission’s lifesaving medicines for reproductive and maternal health in Uganda by Denis Kibira, Freddy Eric Kitutu, Gemma Buckland Merrett, Aukje K. Mantel-Teeuwisse

“…Methods The survey at health facilities in Uganda was conducted using an adapted version of the standardized methodology co-developed by World Health Organisation (WHO) and Health Action International (HAI). In this study, six maternal and reproductive health commodities, that were part of the UNCoLSC initiative, were studied in the public, private and mission health sectors. …”
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Medicine Pricing Policies: The Impact On Availability And Affordability In Four Provinces In Indonesia by Anggriani, Yusi

“…The first part of the study was conducted using a standardized methodology developed by the World Health Organization and Health Action International. The prices, availability and affordability of 50 medicines were measured at public, private and NGO facilities in four provinces in Indonesia (Sumatera Selatan, Jakarta, Yogyakarta and Sulawesi Selatan). …”
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Student feedback about The Skeptic Doctor, a module on pharmaceutical promotion by P. Ravi Shankar, Kundan K. Singh, Rano M. Piryani

“…A module based on the manual produced by Health Action International was conducted for second year medical students at KIST Medical College, Lalitpur, Nepal. …”
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Practical measurement of affordability: an application to medicines by LM Niëns, E Van de Poel, A Cameron, M Ewen, R Laing, WBF Brouwer

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Medicine Pricing Policies: The Impact On Availability And Affordability In Four Provinces In Indonesia by Anggriani, Yusi

“…The first part of the study was conducted using a standardized methodology developed by the World Health Organization and Health Action International. The prices, availability and affordability of 50 medicines were measured at public, private and NGO facilities in four provinces in Indonesia (Sumatera Selatan, Jakarta, Yogyakarta and Sulawesi Selatan). …”
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Analysis of the availability and affordability of pharmaceuticals for children in need of palliative care by D. M. Medvedeva, I. A. Narkevich, O. D. Nemyatykh

“…The price, affordability and physical availability of pharmaceuticals for children in need of palliative care were analyzed in accordance with the Health Action International guidelines of the World Health Organization. …”
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Cardiovascular medicine prices as an indicator of access to medicines and their rational use by C M. Razzakova, L. E. Ziganshina

“…We conducted a comparative analysis of prices for cardiovascular medicines in 2011 and 201 5 in Kazan using the World Health Organization and Health Action International (WHO/HAI) methodology, to assess medicines' availability and affordability to ensure their rational use. …”
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Differences in the availability of medicines for chronic and acute conditions in the public and private sectors of developing countries by Alexandra Cameron, Ilse Roubos, Margaret Ewen, Aukje K Mantel-Teeuwisse, Hubertus GM Leufkens, Richard O Laing

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Study on the accessibility and affordability of 50 drugs in Wuhan based on the WHO/HAI standardization method by Zuojun Dong, Shaoya Zhang, Shuaijun Wu, Xintong Xie, Guojun Sun, Xuanyao Yu

“…ObjectiveTo understand the availability and affordability of essential drugs in Wuhan since the implementation of the national essential medicine system, and to provide a basis for the subsequent formulation and improvement of related policies.MethodsUsing the standard survey method jointly developed by the WHO and Health Action International (HAI), a sample of 50 essential drugs was selected to investigate and evaluate their availability and affordability in public medical and health institutions and social retail pharmacies in Wuhan, using six diseases with high clinical morbidity as the targets.ResultsThe availability of the original drug and the lowest-priced generic drug in public hospitals is 26.4 and 42.47% respectively, and that in retail pharmacies is 26.8 and 54.4% respectively. …”
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Evaluating the affordability of asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and cystic fibrosis medicines in a middle-income country by Mahdieh Fathi, Najmeh Moradi, Nazila Yousefi, Farzad Peiravian, Nikta Shobeiri

“…Methods The affordability of medicines in mono and combination therapy approaches was assessed in CRDs using the World Health Organization/Health Action International (WHO/HAI) methodology. Accordingly, if out-of-pocket payment for 30-days of pharmacotherapy exceeds one day for the lowest-paid unskilled government worker (LPGW), it’s considered non-affordable. …”
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Price and affordability of key essential medicines for children in Sri Lanka, a lower-middle-income country: comparison of two national cross-sectional surveys done 8 years apart by Shalini Sri Ranganathan, Thiyahiny Sunil Navaratinaraja, Ramasamy Balasubramaniam, Hemantha Beneragama

“…Objective To describe the price and affordability of key essential medicines for children in the private sector in Sri Lanka in 2017/2018, and compare the findings with 2009 data.Design National cross-sectional descriptive survey using the WHO/Health Action International medicine price methodology.Setting and participants Data were collected from a representative sample of 54 private sector pharmacies selected from all 9 provinces in Sri Lanka using a multistage clustered approach.Main outcomes Median price ratio (MPR) and affordability of originator brand (OB) and lowest priced generics (LPG) of 25 key essential medicines for children.Results The median MPR was 2.69 for OBs and 1.45 for LPGs compared with 3.7 and 1.35 in 2009. …”
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Using government data to understand the use and availability of medicines for hypertension and diabetes: lessons from Peru by Janeth Tenorio-Mucha, María Lazo-Porras, Jessica Zafra, Margaret Ewen, David Beran

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The availability and affordability of selected essential medicines for chronic diseases in six low- and middle-income countries by Shanti Mendis, Keiko Fukino, Alexandra Cameron, Richard Laing, Anthonio Filipe Jr, Oussama Khatib, Jerzy Leowski, Margaret Ewen

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A survey of availability, price and affordability of essential medicines from 2011 to 2016 in Chinese secondary and tertiary hospitals by Xiaodong Guan, Huajie Hu, Chunxia Man, Luwen Shi

“…We improved the standard methodology developed by the World Health Organization and the Health Action International to measure the availability, median price ratio (MPR) and the incidence of catastrophic drug expenditure (CDE). …”
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A national survey on registered products, availability, prices, and affordability of 100 essential medicines in community pharmacies across Sri Lanka by Chiranthi Kongala Liyanage, Mekala Gunawardane, Pamodee Panchalee Kumaradasa, Priyanga Ranasinghe, Raveendra Laal Jayakody, Priyadarshani Galappatthy

“…Methods A cross-sectional island-wide survey of 80 pharmacies was conducted according to World Health Organization and Health Action International Manual (WHO/HAI). Hundred medicines were selected from the global core list(n = 14), regional core list(n = 16) and the Sri Lanka Essential Medicine List (SL-EML) (n = 70) based on healthcare needs. …”
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Prices and availability of locally produced and imported medicines in Ethiopia and Tanzania by M. Ewen, W. Kaplan, T. Gedif, M. Justin-Temu, C. Vialle-Valentin, Z. Mirza, B. Regeer, M. Zweekhorst, R. Laing

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