Molecular dating of caprines using ancient DNA sequences of <it>Myotragus balearicus</it>, an extinct endemic Balearic mammal by Alcover Josep Antoni, Marquès-Bonet Tomàs, Sampietro Lourdes, Castresana Jose, Lalueza-Fox Carles, Bertranpetit Jaume

“…Using the calibration provided by the isolation of Balearic Islands, we calculated that the initial radiation of caprines can be dated at 6.2 ± 0.4 Mya. In addition, alpine and southern chamois, considered until recently the same species, split around 1.6 ± 0.3 Mya, indicating that the two chamois species have been separated much longer than previously thought.…”
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Origin of Cave Fungi by Zhi-Feng Zhang, Zhi-Feng Zhang, Peng Zhao, Lei Cai, Lei Cai

“…The fossil-calibrated molecular clock showed that the divergence times of these 20 suspected troglobitic fungi are between late Miocene (7.2 Mya for Metapochonia variabilis) and late Jurassic (158 Mya for Gymnoascus exasperates). …”
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Metagenomes of a Freshwater Charavirus from British Columbia Provide a Window into Ancient Lineages of Viruses by Marli Vlok, Adrian J. Gibbs, Curtis A. Suttle

“…Comparisons of CP sequences suggests that Canadian and Australian charaviruses diverged 29&#8211;46 million years ago (mya); whereas, the CPs of charaviruses and tobamoviruses last shared a common ancestor 212 mya, and the RdRps of charaviruses and benyviruses 396 mya. …”
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Out of the ocean: the timescale of molluscan evolution based on phylogenomics revealed the ages of mollusks’ evolutionary transitions into the novel environment by Xiaolu Han, Shaolei Sun, Yiting Wang, Mengyuan Liu, Bonian Shui, Zhiqiang Han

“…Ampullariidae (Gastropoda) colonized freshwater about 156 Mya, their lungs may have contributed to the adaption of tropical freshwater environment and make them survive. …”
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Sequencing of chloroplast genomes from wheat, barley, rye and their relatives provides a detailed insight into the evolution of the Triticeae tribe. by Christopher P Middleton, Natacha Senerchia, Nils Stein, Eduard D Akhunov, Beat Keller, Thomas Wicker, Benjamin Kilian

“…We estimate that barley diverged from rye and wheat approximately 8-9 million years ago (MYA). The genome donors of hexaploid wheat diverged between 2.1-2.9 MYA, while rye diverged from Triticum aestivum approximately 3-4 MYA, more recently than previously estimated. …”
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Bandoniozyma gen. nov., a genus of fermentative and non-fermentative tremellaceous yeast species. by Patricia Valente, Teun Boekhout, Melissa Fontes Landell, Juliana Crestani, Fernando Carlos Pagnocca, Lara Durães Sette, Michel Rodrigo Zambrano Passarini, Carlos Augusto Rosa, Luciana R Brandão, Raphael S Pimenta, José Roberto Ribeiro, Karina Marques Garcia, Ching-Fu Lee, Sung-Oui Suh, Gábor Péter, Dénes Dlauchy, Jack W Fell, Gloria Scorzetti, Bart Theelen, Marilene H Vainstein

“…(UFMG-DH4.20(T)  =  CBS 12527(T)  =  ATCC MYA-4876(T)), Bandoniozyma complexa sp. nov. (CBS 11570(T)  =  ATCC MYA-4603(T)  =  MA28a(T)), Bandoniozyma fermentans sp. nov. …”
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Mitochondrial sequence data indicate “Vicariance by Erosion” as a mechanism of species diversification in North American Ptomaphagus (Coleoptera, Leiodidae, Cholevinae) cave beetle... by Vincent L. Leray, Jason Caravas, Markus Friedrich, Kirk S. Zigler

“…We identify three stages of diversification in the hirtus-group: (1) ~10 million years ago (mya), the lineage that develops into P. shapardi, a soil-dwelling species from the Ozarks, diverged from the lineage that gives rise to the 18 cave-obligate members of the group; (2) between 8.5 mya and 6 mya, seven geographically distinct lineages diverged across Kentucky, Tennessee, Alabama and Georgia; six of these lineages represent a single species today, whereas (3) the ‘South Cumberlands’ lineage in Tennessee and Alabama diversified into 12 species over the past ~6 my. …”
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Genetic differentiation of geographic populations of Rattus tanezumi based on the mitochondrial Cytb gene. by Yingying Liu, Lisi Yao, Ying Ci, Xiaomei Cao, Minghui Zhao, Ying Li, XiaoLong Zhang

“…Furthermore, our analyses revealed the ZM lineage was the oldest lineage among the groups and diverged ~1.06 Mya, followed by the Luoyang (LY) lineages (~0.51 Mya) and Yunnan lineage (~0.33 Mya). …”
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Testing alternative hypotheses on the origin and speciation of Hawaiian katydids by Mohan Rakesh, Stephane Aris-Brosou, X. Xia

“…The first event was by an ancestral lineage of Euconocephalus about 6 million years ago (mya) after the formation of Nihoa about 7.3 mya, giving rise to B. nihoa. …”
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Comparative genomics and transcriptomics analysis reveals evolution patterns of selection in the Salix phylogeny by You-jie Zhao, Xin-yi Liu, Ran Guo, Kun-rong Hu, Yong Cao, Fei Dai

“…Conclusions The divergence time of subgenus Vetrix and Salix was about 17.6–16.0 Mya during the period of Middle Miocene Climate Transition (21–14 Mya). …”
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Phylogenetic position of a whale-fall lancelet (Cephalochordata) inferred from whole mitochondrial genome sequences by Nishida Mutsumi, Fujiwara Yoshihiro, Yamanoue Yusuke, Nohara Masahiro, Kon Takeshi, Nishikawa Teruaki

“…The divergence time between <it>A. inferum </it>and <it>A. lucayanum </it>complex was estimated to be 115 Mya using the penalized likelihood (PL) method or 97 Mya using the nonparametric rate smoothing (NPRS) method (the middle Cretaceous). …”
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Phylogeography of Poorly Dispersing Net-Winged Beetles: A Role of Drifting India in the Origin of Afrotropical and Oriental Fauna. by Katerina Sklenarova, Douglas Chesters, Ladislav Bocak

“…The basal lineages originated in Eastern Gondwana after the split of Australia, India and Madagascar; the Afrotropical and Madagascar Metriorrhynchini separated from the Oriental clades 65 and 62 mya. Several already diversified lineages colonized continental Asia 55-35 mya. …”
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Phylogeny and biogeography of African Murinae based on mitochondrial and nuclear gene sequences, with a new tribal classification of the subfamily by Chades Marion, Catzeflis François, Denys Christiane, Aplin Ken, Lecompte Emilie, Chevret Pascale

“…Molecular dating analyses using a relaxed Bayesian molecular clock put the first colonization of Africa around 11 Mya, which is consistent with the fossil record. …”
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Mitochondrial DNA phylogeography of the Norway rat. by Ying Song, Zhenjiang Lan, Michael H Kohn

“…Moreover, whereas analyses of fossils dated the species' origin as ∼ 1.2-1.6 million years ago (Mya), molecular analyses yielded ∼ 0.5-2.9 Mya. …”
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Phenotypic convergence in genetically distinct lineages of a Rhinolophus species complex (Mammalia, Chiroptera). by David S Jacobs, Hassan Babiker, Anna Bastian, Teresa Kearney, Rowen van Eeden, Jacqueline M Bishop

“…R. damarensis comprises two lineages that diverged ~5 Mya. Our findings concur with patterns of divergence of other co-distributed taxa which are associated with increased regional aridification between 7-5 Mya suggesting possible vicariant evolution. …”
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Diversification of genes encoding granule-bound starch synthase in monocots and dicots is marked by multiple genome-wide duplication events. by Jun Cheng, Muhammad Awais Khan, Wen-Ming Qiu, Jing Li, Hui Zhou, Qiong Zhang, Wenwu Guo, Tingting Zhu, Junhua Peng, Fengjie Sun, Shaohua Li, Schuyler S Korban, Yuepeng Han

“…In addition, the GBSS gene in an ancestral angiosperm must have undergone genome duplication ∼251 million years ago (MYA) to generate two families, GBSSI and GBSSII. …”
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Mid-Pleistocene Transitions Forced Himalayan ibex to Evolve Independently after Split into an Allopatric Refugium by Gul Jabin, Bheem Dutt Joshi, Ming-Shan Wang, Tanoy Mukherjee, Stanzin Dolker, Sheng Wang, Kailash Chandra, Venkatraman Chinnadurai, Lalit Kumar Sharma, Mukesh Thakur

“…Demographic trajectories showed Himalayan ibex experienced two historic bottlenecks, one each c. 0.8–0.5 mya and c. 50–30 kya, with an intermediate large population expansion c. 0.2–0.16 mya coinciding with Mid-Pleistocene Transitions. …”
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Simplified Genomic Data Revealing the Decline of <i>Aleuritopteris grevilleoides</i> Population Accompanied by the Uplift of Dry-Hot Valley in Yunnan, China by Xue-Ying Wei, Ting Wang, Jin Zhou, Wei-Yue Sun, Dong-Mei Jin, Jian-Ying Xiang, Jian-Wen Shao, Yue-Hong Yan

“…The differentiation events were 0.18 Mya, 0.16 Mya, and 0.11 Mya in the <i>A. grevilleoides</i> and may have been related to the formation of terraces within the dry-hot valleys. …”
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Complete mitochondrial genomes and updated divergence time of the two freshwater clupeids endemic to Lake Tanganyika (Africa) suggest intralacustrine speciation by Leona J. M. Milec, Maarten P. M. Vanhove, Fidel Muterezi Bukinga, Els L. R. De Keyzer, Vercus Lumami Kapepula, Pascal Mulungula Masilya, N’Sibula Mulimbwa, Catherine E. Wagner, Joost A. M. Raeymaekers

“…The initial basin was formed around 9–12 million years ago (MYA) from the predecessor of the Malagarasi–Congo River and only 5–6 MYA, its sub-basins fused to produce the clear, deep waters of today. …”
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Genome-wide identification and characterization of TIFY family genes in Moso Bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis) and expression profiling analysis under dehydration and cold stresses by Zhuo Huang, Si-Han Jin, Han-Du Guo, Xiao-Juan Zhong, Jiao He, Xi Li, Ming-Yan Jiang, Xiao-Fang Yu, Hai Long, Ming-Dong Ma, Qi-Bing Chen

“…Calculation of the non-synonymous (Ka) and synonymous (Ks) substitution rates and their ratios indicated that the duplication of PeTIFY may have occurred around 16.7 million years ago (MYA), the divergence time of TIFY family among the P. edulis-O. sativa, P. edulis-B. distachyon, and O. sativa-B. distachyon was approximately 39 MYA, 39 MYA, and 45 MYA, respectively. …”
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