Enhancement of Immune Functions by <i>Limosilactobacillus reuteri</i> KBL346: In Vitro and In Vivo Studies by Chanseop Park, Seon Yeong Ji, Hyun Hwangbo, Seung-yeon Shin, Min Yeong Kim, Kiuk Lee, Da Hye Kim, Bo-Ram Cho, Hyesook Lee, Yung Hyun Choi, Hyun Ju You

“…KBL346 increased the phagocytic activity against <i>Candida albicans</i> MYA-4788 in macrophages, and as biomarkers for this, increased secretions of nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂) were confirmed. …”
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Lineage-specific amplification and epigenetic regulation of LTR-retrotransposons contribute to the structure, evolution, and function of Fabaceae species by Long-Long Yang, Xin-Yu Zhang, Li-Ying Wang, Yan-Ge Li, Xiao-Ting Li, Yi Yang, Qing Su, Ning Chen, Yu-Lan Zhang, Ning Li, Chuan-Liang Deng, Shu-Fen Li, Wu-Jun Gao

“…Almost all of the intact LTR-RTs were inserted into the genomes 4 Mya (million years ago), and more than 50% of them were inserted in the last 0.5 million years, suggesting that recent amplifications of LTR-RTs were an important force driving genome evolution. …”
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Mechanistic analysis for the origin of diverse diterpenes in Tripterygium wilfordii by Lichan Tu, Xinbo Cai, Yifeng Zhang, Yuru Tong, Jian Wang, Ping Su, Yun Lu, Tianyuan Hu, Yunfeng Luo, Xiaoyi Wu, Dan Li, Luqi Huang, Wei Gao

“…We further revealed that these diterpene synthases underwent duplication and rearrangement at approximately 2.3–23.7 million years ago (MYA) by whole-genome triplication (WGT), transposon mediation, and tandem duplication, followed by functional divergence. …”
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Full-length transcriptome sequencing provides insights into the evolution of apocarotenoid biosynthesis in Crocus sativus by Junyang Yue, Ran Wang, Xiaojing Ma, Jiayi Liu, Xiaohui Lu, Sambhaji Balaso Thakar, Ning An, Jia Liu, Enhua Xia, Yongsheng Liu

“…Analysis on distribution of Ks values suggests that the current genome of C. sativus is probably a product resulting from at least two rounds of whole-genome duplication (WGD) events occurred at ~28 and ~114 million years ago (Mya), respectively. We provide evidence demonstrating that the recent β WGD event confers a major impact on family expansion of secondary metabolite genes, possibly leading to an enhanced accumulation of three distinct compounds: crocin, picrocrocin and safranal. …”
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De novo assembly provides new insights into the evolution of Elaeagnus angustifolia L. by Yunfei Mao, Xueli Cui, Haiyan Wang, Xin Qin, Yangbo Liu, Yijun Yin, Xiafei Su, Juan Tang, Fengling Wang, Fengwang Ma, Naibin Duan, Donglin Zhang, Yanli Hu, Wenli Wang, Shaochong Wei, Xiaoliu Chen, Zhiquan Mao, Xuesen Chen, Xiang Shen

“…Results The reconstructed genome of E. angustifolia was 526.80 Mb, with a contig N50 of 12.60 Mb and estimated divergence time of 84.24 Mya. Gene family expansion and resequencing analyses showed that the evolution of E. angustifolia was closely related to environmental conditions. …”
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Strategy of micro-environmental adaptation to cold seep among different brittle stars’ colonization by Zelin Chen, Zelin Chen, Shaobo Ma, Shaobo Ma, Geng Qin, Geng Qin, Meng Qu, Meng Qu, Bo Zhang, Qiang Lin, Qiang Lin, Qiang Lin

“…We found that the split events of the seep and non-seep species were as ancient as the Cretaceous period (∼148–98 Mya). O. serratus and H. haimaensis display rapid residue mutation and mitogenome rearrangements compared to their shallow or deep-sea relatives, in contrast, Amphiura sp. only show medium, regardless of nucleotide mutation rate or mitogenome rearrangement, which may correlate with their adaptation to one or two micro-ecosystems. …”
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A de novo Full-Length mRNA Transcriptome Generated From Hybrid-Corrected PacBio Long-Reads Improves the Transcript Annotation and Identifies Thousands of Novel Splice Variants in A... by Sigmund Ramberg, Bjørn Høyheim, Tone-Kari Knutsdatter Østbye, Rune Andreassen

“…Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) is a major species produced in world aquaculture and an important vertebrate model organism for studying the process of rediploidization following whole genome duplication events (Ss4R, 80 mya). The current Salmo salar transcriptome is largely generated from genome sequence based in silico predictions supported by ESTs and short-read sequencing data. …”
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Molecular phylogeography and reproductive biology of the freshwater snail Tarebia granifera in Thailand and Timor (Cerithioidea, Thiaridae): morphological disparity versus genetic... by Nuanpan Veeravechsukij, Duangduen Krailas, Suluck Namchote, Benedikt Wiggering, Marco T. Neiber, Matthias Glaubrecht

“…These two lineages started to split about 5 mya, possibly related to marine transgressions forming what became known as biogeographical barrier north of the Isthmus of Kra. …”
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A New Homotetramer Hemoglobin in the Pulmonary Surfactant of Plateau Zokors (Myospalax Baileyi) by Jimei Li, Jimei Li, Zhifang An, Linna Wei, Bo Xu, Zhijie Wang, Conghui Gao, Lian Wei, Delin Qi, Peng Shi, Tongzuo Zhang, Dengbang Wei, Dengbang Wei

“…The divergence time of γ-like from γ is estimated by the molecular clock to be about 2.45 Mya. The generation of γ-like in plateau zokors might well relate to long-time stress of the high land hypoxia. …”
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Sequencing and Comparative Genomic Analysis of a Highly Metal-Tolerant Penicillium janthinellum P1 Provide Insights Into Its Metal Tolerance by Bin-Bin Chi, Bin-Bin Chi, Ya-Nan Lu, Ya-Nan Lu, Ping-Chuan Yin, Ping-Chuan Yin, Hong-Yan Liu, Hong-Yan Liu, Hui-Ying Chen, Hui-Ying Chen, Yang Shan

“…Through a phylogenetic analysis with model species of fungi, the evolutionary divergence time of Penicillium janthinellum P1 and Penicillium oxalicum 114-2 was estimated to be 74 MYA. 33 secondary metabolism gene clusters were identified via antiSMASH software, mainly including non-ribosomal peptide synthase genes and T1 polyketide synthase genes. 525 genes were annotated to encode enzymes that act on carbohydrates, involving 101 glucose-degrading enzymes and 24 polysaccharide synthase. …”
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Identification of the O/ME-SA/Ind-2001e Sublineage of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus in Cambodia by Soyoon Ryoo, HyunJi Lee, Da-Rae Lim, Jung-Won Lee, Seng Bunnary, Sothyra Tum, Dong Sook Lee, Hyeonwoo Hwang, SomGyeol Jeong, JinJu Nah, Bok Kyung Ku, Jae-Myung Kim, Sang-Ho Cha

“…Historically, these outbreaks were caused by the FMD virus (FMDV) of serotype O PanAsia and Mya-98 lineages and serotype A Sea-97 lineage. However, the trans-pool movement of FMDV between inter-pool regions or countries throughout FMD endemic regions has raised concerns regarding infection with the new genotype or serotype of FMDV in Cambodia. …”
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Genome-wide characterization of regulator of chromosome condensation 1 (RCC1) gene family in Artemisia annua L. revealed a conservation evolutionary pattern by Jieting Chen, Wenguang Wu, Xiaoxia Ding, Danchun Zhang, Chunyan Dai, Hengyu Pan, Peiqi Shi, Chanjuan Wu, Jun Zhang, Jianmin Zhao, Baosheng Liao, Xiaohui Qiu, Zhihai Huang

“…The divergence of most RCC1 genes occurred at 46.7 – 51 MYA which overlapped with species divergence of core Asteraceae during the Eocene, while no recent novel RCC1 members were found in A. annua genome. …”
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Mitochondrial DNA Analysis Clarifies Taxonomic Status of the Northernmost Snow Sheep (<i>Ovis nivicola</i>) Population by Arsen V. Dotsev, Elisabeth Kunz, Veronika R. Kharzinova, Innokentiy M. Okhlopkov, Feng-Hua Lv, Meng-Hua Li, Andrey N. Rodionov, Alexey V. Shakhin, Taras P. Sipko, Dmitry G. Medvedev, Elena A. Gladyr, Vugar A. Bagirov, Gottfried Brem, Ivica Medugorac, Natalia A. Zinovieva

“…The divergence time between Kharaulakh population and Yakut snow sheep was estimated as 0.48 ± 0.19 MYA. Thus, the study of the mtDNA <i>cytb</i> sequences confirmed the results of genome-wide SNP analysis. …”
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Characterization of the Populus Rab family genes and the function of PtRabE1b in salt tolerance by Jin Zhang, Yu Li, Bobin Liu, Lijuan Wang, Li Zhang, Jianjun Hu, Jun Chen, Huanquan Zheng, Mengzhu Lu

“…Combined the expression correlation and duplication date, the PtRab paralogous pairs that still keeping highly similar expression patterns were generated around the latest large-scale duplication (~ 13 MYA). The cis-elements and co-expression network of unique expanded PtRabs suggest their potential roles in poplar development and environmental responses. …”
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Phylogeography and diversification of Oriental weaverbirds (Ploceus spp.): A gradual increase of eurytopy by Abdul Razaq, Giovanni Forcina, Urban Olsson, Qian Tang, Robert Tizard, Naing Lin, Nila Pwint, Aleem Ahmed Khan

“…We reconstructed the first molecular phylogeny based on a dataset consisting of both mitochondrial and nuclear genes, dating the most recent common ancestor of Oriental Ploceus to ∼11 mya. Subsequent speciation appears to have been a combination of divergence within the Indian subcontinent and dispersal across a barrier situated between the Indian subcontinent and the Indochinese region, which provided habitats with a varying degree of isolations and ultimately promoted divergences in allopatry. …”
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Synthesis, Molecular Docking, and Antimycotic Evaluation of Some 3-Acyl Imidazo[1,2-a]pyrimidines by Omar Gómez-García, Dulce Andrade-Pavón, Elena Campos-Aldrete, Ricardo Ballinas-Indilí, Alfonso Méndez-Tenorio, Lourdes Villa-Tanaca, Cecilio Álvarez-Toledano

“…A series of 3-benzoyl imidazo[1,2-a]pyrimidines, obtained from N-heteroarylformamidines in good yields, was tested in silico and in vitro for binding and inhibition of seven Candida species (Candida albicans (ATCC 10231), Candida dubliniensis (CD36), Candida glabrata (CBS138), Candida guilliermondii (ATCC 6260), Candida kefyr, Candida krusei (ATCC 6358) and Candida tropicalis (MYA-3404)). To predict binding mode and energy, each compound was docked in the active site of the lanosterol 14α-demethylase enzyme (CYP51), essential for fungal growth of Candida species. …”
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Using present-day observations to detect when anthropogenic change forces surface ocean carbonate chemistry outside preindustrial bounds by A. J. Sutton, C. L. Sabine, R. A. Feely, W.-J. Cai, M. F. Cronin, M. J. McPhaden, J. M. Morell, J. A. Newton, J.-H. Noh, S. R. Ólafsdóttir, J. E. Salisbury, U. Send, D. C. Vandemark, R. A. Weller

“…In general, coastal mooring sites experience more natural variability and thus, more overlap with preindustrial conditions; however, present-day Ω_arag conditions surpass biologically relevant thresholds associated with ocean acidification impacts on <i>Mytilus californianus</i> (Ω_arag &lt; 1.8) and <i>Crassostrea gigas</i> (Ω_arag &lt; 2.0) larvae in the California Current Ecosystem (CCE) and <i>Mya arenaria</i> larvae in the Gulf of Maine (Ω_arag &lt; 1.6). …”
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Two independent allohexaploidizations and genomic fractionation in Solanales by Yan Zhang, Lan Zhang, Qimeng Xiao, Chunyang Wu, Jiaqi Zhang, Qiang Xu, Zijian Yu, Shoutong Bao, Jianyu Wang, Yu Li, Li Wang, Jinpeng Wang, Jinpeng Wang, Jinpeng Wang

“…Solanaceae common hexaploidization (SCH) and Convolvulaceae common hexaploidization (CCH) occurred ∼43–49 and ∼40–46 million years ago (Mya), respectively. Moreover, we identified homologous genes related to polyploidization and speciation and constructed multiple genomic alignments with V. vinifera genome, providing a genomic homology framework for future Solanales research. …”
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Toward the calibration of serological assays using sera collected from cattle and sheep following a single dose of foot-and-mouth disease vaccine by Aiken S. Karabassova, Akhmetzhan A. Sultanov, Meruyert A. Saduakassova, Donald P. King, Anna B. Ludi, Clare F. J. Browning, Ginette Wilsden

“…These samples were tested by VNT using field FMDV isolates that are representative of the epidemiological risks in Central Asia (A/ASIA/Iran-05, A/ASIA/GVII, O/ME-SA/Ind-2001, O/SEA/ Mya-98, O/ME-SA/PanAsia, and Asia-1 Shamir). Heterologous VNT antibody responses were compared to those measured using commercial FMDV-specific ELISAs for serotypes O, A, and Asia 1. …”
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Phylogenetic correlograms and the evolution of body size in South American owls (Strigiformes) by José Alexandre Felizola Diniz-Filho, Carlos Eduardo Ramos de Sant'Ana

“…The observed correlogram indicates a phylogenetic gradient up to 45 mya, when coefficients tend to stabilize, and it is similar to the correlograms produced by the O-U process. …”
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