Dispute Resolution between the Philippines and China: Fishing Activities in the South China Sea by Yordan Gunawan, Dwilani Irrynta, Caterina García Segura, Pablo Pareja Alcaraz

“…Chinese fishing vessels and maritime militias were found in Philippine waters on April 12, 2021. …”
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Unveiling the salient issues in the protracted Jos crises, Central Nigeria by Peter Nungshak Wika

“…At the centre of these violent eruptions are the groups’ dynamics that the conflict has created: The Indigene versus Settler problematic as well as the Christian versus Muslims militias. The crises in Jos are resource and identity-based in a contest over the native, political and economic soul of the ancient Tin-city. …”
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Nigeria’s ‘Quadrilemma’: Globalization, State Delegitimization, Religious Fundamentalism and Insecurity by Adeniyi S. Basiru, Adeyinka Olasoko, Olusesan Osunkoya

“…This is where ethnic and religious militias come into the picture.The paper submits that remediation lies in the decolonization and the restructuring of the state via the instrumentality of process-led constitution-making.   …”
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(Re)jouer l’histoire de la guerre, revivre le massacre. Performance carnavalesque et processus mémoriels dans les Andes d’Ayacucho (Pérou) by Valérie Robin Azevedo

“…This article will focus on a carnival performance carried out in the Andean district of Ocros, staging the massacres committed by the Shining Path and the struggle of the peasant militias. Beyond the commemoration of this episode, what are the issues and the objectives that underlie the performance? …”
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Unveiling the salient issues in the protracted Jos crises, Central Nigeria by Peter Nungshak Wika

“…At the centre of these violent eruptions are the groups’ dynamics that the conflict has created: The Indigene versus Settler problematic as well as the Christian versus Muslims militias. The crises in Jos are resource and identity-based in a contest over the native, political and economic soul of the ancient Tin-city. …”
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Artabastos’s usurpation and the initial stage the military reform of Constantine V: 40-s of the 8th century by Anton Mokhov

“…This proved the effectiveness of regular troops in comparison with detachments of the provincial militias. The author believes the lack of financial resources had been the main obstacle for the fast finishing the military reform.…”
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Hombres para defender la República contra la agresión extranjera. Voluntarios, enganchados y levados en la guerra hispano-peruana (1864-1865) by Matias Sanchez Barberan

“…While the self-constitution of militias responds to the republican ideal of the armed citizen against foreign aggression, the other forms of armed mobilization are similar to other labour regimes, both in terms of the specialization of the men needed for combat and in terms of the evolution of their social forms. …”
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L’Imperator Caesar Augustus, protecteur et garant de la paix. Variations sur un même thème des discours et pratiques impériales by Stéphane Benoist

“…This article looks at the Imperial discourse that gradually emerged from Augustus onwards, right up to the posture of the princes of the 3rd and 4th centuries in the face of barbarian incursions, in order to measure the extent to which the figure of the princeps, the holder of the imperium domi et militiae, was elaborately constructed as both a conqueror at the head of his armies of new territories and a guarantor of peace. …”
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Cohesive institutions and political violence by Fetzer, T, Kyburz, S

“…Second, we show that distributive conflict is highly organized involvingpolitical militias and concentrated in the extent to which local governmentsare non-cohesive. …”

L’École au Congo-Brazzaville vue par La Semaine Africaine (1989-1999) by Suzie Guth

“…The review of the Congolese catholic weekly La Semaine Africaine during a decade (1989-1999) shows three major topics concerning the youngsters: the decline of the university of Brazzaville, the Dr Jekill and Mr Hyde image of teenagers, either grassroots militants or militarised in militias and the dandyism of a marginal group called the Sapeurs and last the question of retrocedence of the school buildings to the catholic church.The journalistic styles about the facts related are in all ways opposed: the state university is seen on the decline but the retrocession of state schools to the catholic church is a challenge that the church must uphold. …”
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The Somali nation and the hazards of the nation-state model in the horn of Africa: lessons from Somaliland by Endalcachew Bayeh

“…The project also provoked the Ogaden War (1977–78) with Ethiopia, leading to the downfall of the regime and ultimately the disintegration of the state, resulting in the emergence of clan-based militias and Islamic fundamentalists. The paper also suggests that Somaliland’s hybrid governance model might offer a solution to the ongoing turmoil affecting the Somali people and others in the region.…”
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Negros apoyos. Milicianos afrodescendientes, transición política y cambio de estatus en la era de las independencias (capitanías de São Paulo y Pernambuco, Brasil, 1790-1830) by Luiz Geraldo Silva, Fernando Prestes de Souza

“…At the same time, we argue that the different levels and temporalities relating the genesis and institutionalization of the militias in São Paulo and Pernambuco sheds light on the understanding of the movements and aspirations of those militiamen in the revolutionary era.…”
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State Violence and Oppositional Protest in High-Capacity Authoritarian Regimes by Hank Johnston

“…The study examines middle and low levels of state violence, the provincial and municipal organization of party and regime, and the police, private militias, and thugs as low-level enforcers, and focuses on: (1) the complexity of the state’s apparatus of repression and control and how different levels exercise different forms of violence against activists; (2) the creativity of the opposition’s actions to voice its demands and avoid repression and surveillance; and (3) the recursive relationship between the two, a dark dance between state and opposition with high stakes for both. …”
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La déclaration de repentir dans la Grèce des années 1940 by Christina Alexopoulos

“…In the context of the civil war, the prisoners had to choose between persisting in their ’ideological error’ and the rejection of their political or military action against the Nazi occupation, the collaborative militias and the governmental army. It analyses how the declaration destroyed the prisoner morally, robbed him of his identity, his social face, an entire part of his history and especially his dignity, and how it could lead to a complete transfomation of the signatory, forced to adopt the ideology of his enemies. …”
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La participation des femmes dans le conflit interne armé au Pérou durant la période 1980-2000 by Rocío Silva Santisteban

“…The protagonists of the armed struggle included the subversive collectives (PCP-SL and MRTA), as much as the army, the police and the rural militias («ronde paysanne»).  The consequences were dramatic in that the sheer human losses were compounded by a tragic unraveling of the social fabric. …”
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Execution of the highest power in military sphere by the dictators of Early by Dementieva, Vera

“…Regardless of the purpose of its declaration, the dictatorship transferred the civil life of the city in the state of militiae. The newly formed army swore fidelity (called sacramentum) to the commander and – from the time of the Second Punic war – made a formal declaration of loyalty, ius iurandum. …”
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Testing for the Presence of Asymmetric Information in the Oil Market: A VAR Approach by Haytem Ahmed Troug, Rashid Sbia

“…The claims state that some investors in the NYSE are financing militias in those countries to close down oilfields and ports, and buy oil before this incident occurs. …”
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Debates políticos y religiosos: la magnanimidad aristotélica en el Demócrates primero de Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda by María Díez Yáñez

“…El Democrates. De conuenientia militiae cum Christiana religione dialogus de Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda, traducido al castellano por Antonio Barba, cuenta entre sus fuentes principales con la Ética de Aristóteles. …”
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AFRICANIZING REBEL INSURGENCY IN A POST-COLONIAL STATE AND RAMIFICATIONS FOR AFRICAN REGIONAL INTEGRATION: INSIGHT(S) FROM THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO (DRC) by Daniel Mlambo

“…This article aims to ponder the effects of political instability and, rebel insurgency, in particular, have on Africa’s regional integration frameworks by drawing insights from the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). The upsurge of militias has been a norm in some African countries such as the Central African Republic, Somalia and Sudan. …”
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THE BATTLE FOR REGIONAL DOMINANCE BETWEEN THE KINGDOM OF SAUDI ARABIA AND THE ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAN by Valeri Modebadze

“…Saudi Arabia and Iran often accuse each other of fueling sectarian violence by backing Shia and Sunni militias in Iraq, Yemen, Syria, and Lebanon. Both countries try to avoid direct confrontation with each other. …”
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