Modernization in Telephone Equipment Industry in Spain. CITESA, 1965-1975 by Cristian Cerón Torreblanca

“…There is the key of CITESA to be the manufacturing arm of the operator National Telephone Company of Spain (CTNE) in the special conditions of the Spanish market. …”
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Dúplex telefónico - Duplex telephonic by Santos López, Pascual

“…Only 19 years after a timid introduction of telephony in Spain and seven years before the founding of the National Telephonic Company of Spain, Pascual Salmerón Gómez records his two patents: "Duplex telephonic" and "Simultaneous duplex telephonic with telegraph machines". …”
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Telecommunication evolution : from monopoly to competition : a case study on Telstra. by Loh, Wai Kwan., Ng, Amy Mui Huan.

“…With the deregulation, incumbent national telephone companies which used to operate as monopolies are now faced with direct competition. …”
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