Revisiting the tryptophan-serotonin deficiency and the inflammatory hypotheses of major depression in a biopsychosocial approach by Andreas Baranyi, Omid Amouzadeh-Ghadikolai, Dirk von Lewinski, Robert J. Breitenecker, Hans-Bernd Rothenhäusler, Christoph Robier, Maria Baranyi, Simon Theokas, Andreas Meinitzer

“…Our findings tend to support the tryptophan-serotonin deficiency hypothesis of major depression, as the deficiency of the serotonin precursor tryptophan in depressive patients (t: −3.931; df = 116; p < 0.001) suggests dysfunction of serotonin neurotransmission. A two-step hierarchical linear regression model showed that low tryptophan concentrations, low social support (SSS), occupational requirements (FLZ), personality traits (FLZ), impaired physical role (SF-36), and impaired vitality (SF-36) predict higher Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) scores. …”
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Altered Pain Processing Associated with Administration of Dopamine Agonist and Antagonist in Healthy Volunteers by Sarah L. Martin, Anthony K. P. Jones, Christopher A. Brown, Christopher Kobylecki, Grace A. Whitaker, Wael El-Deredy, Monty A. Silverdale

“…Our results support the notion that D2 receptor neurotransmission has a role in the top-down modulation of pain.…”
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Nose to Brain Delivery of Astaxanthin&ndash;Loaded Nanostructured Lipid Carriers in Rat Model of Alzheimer&rsquo;s Disease: Preparation, in vitro and in vivo Evaluation by Shehata MK, Ismail AA, Kamel MA

“…Intranasal treatment of AD-like rats with the optimized AST–NLCs significantly decreased oxidative stress, amyloidogenic pathway, neuroinflammation and apoptosis, and significantly improved the cholinergic neurotransmission compared to AST-solution. This was observed by the significant decline in the levels of malondialdehyde, nuclear factor-kappa B, amyloid beta (Aβ1‑42), caspase-3, acetylcholinesterase, and β-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme-1 expression, and significant increase in the contents of acetylcholine and glutathione after treatment with AST-NLCs.Conclusion: NLCs enhanced the intranasal delivery of AST and significantly improved its therapeutic properties.Keywords: Alzheimer’s disease, astaxanthin, nose-to-brain delivery, nanostructured lipid carriers…”
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Genome-Wide Assessment of Runs of Homozygosity by Whole-Genome Sequencing in Diverse Horse Breeds Worldwide by Chujie Chen, Bo Zhu, Xiangwei Tang, Bin Chen, Mei Liu, Ning Gao, Sheng Li, Jingjing Gu

“…We found that the candidate genes in Thoroughbreds were involved in neurotransmission (<i>CHRNA6</i>, <i>PRKN</i>, and <i>GRM1</i>), muscle development (<i>ADAMTS15</i> and <i>QKI</i>), positive regulation of heart rate and heart contraction (<i>HEY2</i> and <i>TRDN</i>), regulation of insulin secretion (<i>CACNA1S</i>, <i>KCNMB2</i>, and <i>KCNMB3</i>), and spermatogenesis (<i>JAM3</i>, <i>PACRG</i>, and <i>SPATA6L</i>). …”
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Acute stress alters recognition memory and AMPA/NMDA receptor subunits in a sex-dependent manner by Sebastiano A. Torrisi, Silvia Rizzo, Samuele Laudani, Alessandro Ieraci, Filippo Drago, Gian Marco Leggio

“…Because ionotropic glutamate receptors-mediated neurotransmission is essential for shaping recognition memory, we further tested the hypothesis that post training acute stress could induce sex-dependent transcriptional changes of ionotropic glutamate receptor subunits in the dorsal hippocampus. …”
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Protocol for modulating the noradrenergic pathway from locus coeruleus to heart to prevent sudden unexpected death in epilepsy in mouse models by Qing Xu, YuLing Wang, XiTing Lian, Lu Liu, WeiHui Shao, JiaXuan Gu, LeYuan Gu, Qian Yu, YuanLi Zhang, ZhuoYue Zhang, HaiXiang Ma, Yue Shen, HongHai Zhang

“…Summary: The locus coeruleus (LC) and noradrenergic neurotransmission are involved in the regulation of sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP). …”
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Monoamine Release in the Cat Lumbar Spinal Cord during Fictive Locomotion Evoked by the Mesencephalic Locomotor Region by Brian R. Noga, Riza P. Turkson, Songtao Xie, Annette Taberner, Alberto Pinzon, Ian D. Hentall

“…These gradual changes in space and time of monoamine concentrations high enough to strongly activate various receptors subtypes on locomotor activated neurons further suggest that during MLR-evoked locomotion, monoamine action is, in part, mediated by extrasynaptic neurotransmission in the spinal cord.…”
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In vivo MRS study of long-term effects of traumatic intracranial injection of a culture medium in mice by O. B. Shevelev, O. P. Cherkasova, I. A. Razumov, E. L. Zavjalov

“…A progressive increase in the Glu/Gln and Glu/GABA ratio up to 28 days after surgery potentially indicates an impaired turnover of these metabolites or increased neurotransmission. Thus, the data indicate that the recovery processes are largely completed on day 28 after the traumatic event in the brain tissue, leaving open the question of the neurotransmitter system impairment. …”
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Abnormalities in Brain and Muscle Microstructure and Neurochemistry of the DMD Rat Measured by in vivo Diffusion Tensor Imaging and High Resolution Localized 1H MRS by Su Xu, Su Xu, Shiyu Tang, Shiyu Tang, Xin Li, Shama R. Iyer, Richard M. Lovering

“…Such findings could indicate disturbed motor and sensory signaling, resulting in a dysfunctional GABAergic neurotransmission, and an unstable osmoregulation in the dystrophin-null brain.…”
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Phenotyping Young GluA1 Deficient Mice – A Behavioral Characterization in a Genetic Loss-of-Function Model by Maria Reiber, Helen Stirling, Rolf Sprengel, Peter Gass, Rupert Palme, Heidrun Potschka

“…Alterations of glutamatergic neurotransmission have been implicated in neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders. …”
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A Review of Molecular Imaging of Glutamate Receptors by Jong-Hoon Kim, János Marton, Simon Mensah Ametamey, Paul Cumming

“…This state of affairs has persisted despite the central importance of glutamate neurotransmission in brain physiology and in disorders such as stroke, epilepsy, schizophrenia, and neurodegenerative diseases. …”
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Membranes and Synaptosomes Used to Investigate Synaptic GABAergic Currents in Epileptic Patients by Alessandro Gaeta, Lilian Juliana Lissner, Veronica Alfano, Pierangelo Cifelli, Alessandra Morano, Cristina Roseti, Angela Di Iacovo, Eleonora Aronica, Eleonora Palma, Gabriele Ruffolo

“…We previously found, using human epileptic tissues, that GABAergic neurotransmission impairment is a key mechanism that drives the pathological phenomena that ultimately lead to generation and recurrence of seizures. …”
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Molecular Mechanisms Linking Osteoarthritis and Alzheimer’s Disease: Shared Pathways, Mechanisms and Breakthrough Prospects by Idiongo Okon Umoh, Helton Jose dos Reis, Antonio Carlos Pinheiro de Oliveira

“…It is characterized by cognitive decline that occurs due to impaired neurotransmission and neuronal death. Even though deposition of amyloid beta (Aβ) peptides and aggregation of hyperphosphorylated TAU have been established as major pathological hallmarks of the disease, other factors such as the interaction of genetic and environmental factors are believed to contribute to the development and progression of AD. …”
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Compartmentalization of soluble endocytic proteins in synaptic vesicle clusters by phase separation by Tomofumi Yoshida, Koh-ichiro Takenaka, Hirokazu Sakamoto, Yusuke Kojima, Takumi Sakano, Koyo Shibayama, Koki Nakamura, Kyoko Hanawa-Suetsugu, Yasunori Mori, Yusuke Hirabayashi, Kenzo Hirose, Shigeo Takamori

“…Summary: Synaptic vesicle (SV) clusters, which reportedly result from synapsin’s capacity to undergo liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS), constitute the structural basis for neurotransmission. Although these clusters contain various endocytic accessory proteins, how endocytic proteins accumulate in SV clusters remains unknown. …”
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From nitrate to NO: potential effects of nitrate-reducing bacteria on systemic health and disease by Hongyu Liu, Yisheng Huang, Mingshu Huang, Min Wang, Yue Ming, Weixing Chen, Yuanxin Chen, Zhengming Tang, Bo Jia

“…NO is currently recognized as a potent bioactive agent with biological activities, such as vasodilation, regulation of cardiomyocyte function, neurotransmission, suppression of platelet agglutination, and prevention of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation. …”
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Subcellular proteomics of dopamine neurons in the mouse brain by Benjamin D Hobson, Se Joon Choi, Eugene V Mosharov, Rajesh K Soni, David Sulzer, Peter A Sims

“…Our dataset reveals the proteomic architecture underlying proteostasis, axonal metabolism, and neurotransmission in these neurons. We find that most proteins encoded by DA neuron-enriched genes are localized within striatal dopaminergic axons, including ion channels with previously undescribed axonal localization. …”
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Mitostasis, Calcium and Free Radicals in Health, Aging and Neurodegeneration by Juan A. Godoy, Juvenal A. Rios, Pol Picón-Pagès, Víctor Herrera-Fernández, Bronte Swaby, Giulia Crepin, Rubén Vicente, Jose M. Fernández-Fernández, Francisco J. Muñoz

“…Mitochondria play key roles in ATP supply, calcium homeostasis, redox balance control and apoptosis, which in neurons are fundamental for neurotransmission and to allow synaptic plasticity. Their functional integrity is maintained by mitostasis, a process that involves mitochondrial transport, anchoring, fusion and fission processes regulated by different signaling pathways but mainly by the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α). …”
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PED: a novel predictor-encoder-decoder model for Alzheimer drug molecular generation by Dayan Liu, Tao Song, Kang Na, Shudong Wang

“…Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is an efficient hydrolase that catalyzes the hydrolysis of acetylcholine (ACh), which regulates the concentration of ACh at synapses and then terminates ACh-mediated neurotransmission. There are inhibitors to inhibit the activity of AChE currently, but its side effects are inevitable. …”
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The IgCAM CLMP regulates expression of Connexin43 and Connexin45 in intestinal and ureteral smooth muscle contraction in mice by Hanna Langhorst, René Jüttner, Dieter Groneberg, Azadeh Mohtashamdolatshahi, Laura Pelz, Bettina Purfürst, Kai M. Schmidt-Ott, Andreas Friebe, Fritz G. Rathjen

“…Consequently, insufficient transport of chyme and urine caused a fatal delay to thrive, a high rate of mortality, and provoked a severe hydronephrosis in CLMP knockouts. Neurotransmission and the capability of smooth muscle cells to contract in ring preparations of the intestine were not altered. …”
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Age-Associated Upregulation of Glutamate Transporters and Glutamine Synthetase in Senescent Astrocytes In Vitro and in the Mouse and Human Hippocampus by Isadora Matias, Luan Pereira Diniz, Ana Paula Bergamo Araujo, Isabella Vivarini Damico, Pâmella de Moura, Felipe Cabral-Miranda, Fabiola Diniz, Belisa Parmeggiani, Valeria de Mello Coelho, Renata E. P. Leite, Claudia K. Suemoto, Gustavo Costa Ferreira, Regina Célia Cussa Kubrusly, Flávia Carvalho Alcantara Gomes

“…Changes in the glutamatergic synaptic activity rely on the glutamate-glutamine cycle, in which astrocytes handle glutamate taken up from synapses and provide glutamine for neurons, thus maintaining excitatory neurotransmission. However, the mechanisms of glutamate homeostasis in brain aging are still poorly understood. …”
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