Education and Minority Groups in Afghanistan: The Case of Hazara People by Mir Hussain Amiri

“…However, the Hazara people, an ethnic and religious minority in Afghanistan, have historically been deprived of this right due to cultural, linguistic, and religious differences with the dominant Pashtun population. Hazaras have faced discrimination, marginalization, and violent persecution throughout Afghan history. …”
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Optimization-based selection of influential agents in a rural Afghan social network by Hung, Benjamin W. K. (Benjamin Wei Kit)

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Refining the South Asian Origin of the Romani people by Bela I. Melegh, Zsolt Banfai, Kinga Hadzsiev, Attila Miseta, Bela Melegh

“…However, we found also significant IBD sharing of 0.087 Mb with ethnic groups living in Pakistan, such as Balochi, Brahui, Burusho, Kalash, Makrani, Pashtun and Sindhi. Conclusion Our results show that Northwest India could play an important role in the South Asian ancestry of Roma, however, the origin of Romani people might include the area of Pakistan as well.…”
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Afghanistan's ethnic groups share a Y-chromosomal heritage structured by historical events. by Marc Haber, Daniel E Platt, Maziar Ashrafian Bonab, Sonia C Youhanna, David F Soria-Hernanz, Begoña Martínez-Cruz, Bouchra Douaihy, Michella Ghassibe-Sabbagh, Hoshang Rafatpanah, Mohsen Ghanbari, John Whale, Oleg Balanovsky, R Spencer Wells, David Comas, Chris Tyler-Smith, Pierre A Zalloua, Genographic Consortium

“…In this study we have analyzed, for the first time, the four major ethnic groups in present-day Afghanistan: Hazara, Pashtun, Tajik, and Uzbek, using 52 binary markers and 19 short tandem repeats on the non-recombinant segment of the Y-chromosome. …”
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A third way: Muslim arguments for secular nationalism in mid-twentieth century North India by Sohal, A

“…How they imagined the Indian nation was informed by their contrasting ethnolinguistic inheritances and whether their respective Muslim constituencies—Hindustani, Kashmiri, and Pashtun—occupied the position of a regional majority or minority. …”

Self-reported oral health status and associated factors among Afghan refugees in Peshawar Pakistan; a pilot study by Syed Abdul Qadir, Shahzad Muhammad, Maria Ishaq Khattak, Zohaib Khan, Muslim Khan, Zia Ul Haq

“…Results: Of all the respondents, majority (79.3%) were Pashtun by ethnicity and 41.6% did not obtain any formal education. …”
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A retrospective study of demographic parameters and major health referrals among Afghan refugees in Iran by Otoukesh Salman, Mojtahedzadeh Mona, Sherzai Dean, Behazin Arash, Bazargan-Hejazi Shahrzad, Bazargan Mohsen

“…Ophthalmic diseases were the major cause of referrals by Hazara, Tajik, Fars, and Sadat groups with 26%, 20%, 26%, and 27% respectively. Referrals by pashtun group were mostly for neoplasms (17%), among Uzbek group it was nephropathies (26%), and in Baluch group Hematopoietic disorders (25%).…”
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Epstein - Barr virus epidemiology in HIV infected transsexuals by Sadia Salahuddin, Joharia Azhar, Hasham Akhtar, Jabbar Khan, Noor Muhammad

“… Objectives: To molecularly characterise the relationship between Epstein-Barr virus genotypes and Pashtun ethnicity. Method: The cross-sectional study was conducted from November 2018 to December 2019 after approval from the Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan, and comprised blood samples from transgender sex workers who were seropositive for human immunodeficiency virus-1 and seronegative for human immunodeficiency virus residing in two cities of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province and Islamabad, the federal capital. …”
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Useful and Necessary Book about Outstanding Personalities from Afghan History and Culture by Y. P. Laletin

“…The new edition includes two newly published novels Pashtun scholar, devoted to M. G. Aslanov, the author of the Pashtu-Russian dictionary, and Warrior fighting with two swords. …”
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Conceptualizing Peace: A Qualitative Study Among Afghan Adolescents Living in Intractable Conflict by Shrestha S, Zhong N, Sadat SMA, Zhan S

“…The participants belonged to different ethnic groups, such as Pashtun, Hazara and Tajik. An inductive approach was applied to analyze the data using thematic analysis.Results: Three distinct themes about peace emerged from the data: peace based on individual emotions, social relations, and larger societal structures. …”
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TILPDeep: A Lightweight Deep Learning Technique for Handwritten Transformed Invariant Pashto Text Recognition by Muhammad Shabir, Zahoor Jan, Naveed Islam, Inayat Khan, Gauhar Ali, Mohammed ElAffendi

“…A massive Pashto-transformed invariant inverted handwritten text dataset is prepared with the help of the Pashtun community. A lightweight MobileNetV2 has been highly tuned for Pashto handwritten text classification, extracting images’ features (MoI). …”
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Disability types, determinants and healthcare utilisation amongst Afghan adults: a secondary analysis of the Model Disability Survey of Afghanistan by Nadia Akseer, Hana Tasic, Khalidha Nasiri, Hadia Rafiqzad, Tabasum Akseer

“…Across most disability types, being a woman, older age, residing in rural areas, being uneducated, non-Pashtun ethnicity, being unmarried, living in a household in the low-income tertiles and a non-working household had the highest levels of MSD (p<0.05). …”
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Comparison quality parameters of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) produced in Herat, Afghanistan and Torbat Heydarieh, Iran by Ramin Nazarian, Mehdi Nasiri Mahalati, Hossein Sahabi, Hassan Feizi

“…The samples of saffron produced from seven different districts of Herat province in Afghanistan, including Injil, Karukh, Guzara, Pashtun Zarghun, Zendeh Jan, Ghoryan, Obeh and nine saffron-producing villages (Fakhrabad, Kadkan, Nasar, Ghaleno, Feizabad, Khorgh, Abrood, Benhang, Shadmehr) of Torbat Heydarieh county in Iran were examined. …”
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Transient binocular vision loss and pain insensitivity in Klippel–Feil syndrome: a case report by Zeeshan Ullah, Ayesha Zafar, Hira Ishaq, Zainab Umar, Amir Khan, Yaseen Badar, Nizamud Din, Muhammad Fawad Khan, Pamela McCombe, Nemat Khan

“…Case presentation This case report describes a 12-year-old Pashtun female patient who presented with acute bilateral visual loss. …”
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Unravelling the genetic basis of retinal dystrophies in Pakistani consanguineous families by Muhammad Marwan, Muhammad Dawood, Mukhtar Ullah, Irfan Ullah Shah, Niamat Khan, Muhammad Taimur Hassan, Muhammad Karam, Lettie E. Rawlins, Emma L Baple, Andrew H. Crosby, Shamim Saleha

“…Methodology Four consanguineous families of Pashtun ethnic group were investigated which were referred by the local collaborating ophthalmologists. …”
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Investigation of Klotho G395A and C1818T Polymorphisms and Their Association with Serum Glucose Level and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus by Muhammad Sadiq Aziz, Aziz-ul-Hasan Aamir, Ajab Khan, Zahid Khan, Syed Qaiser Shah, Sher Zaman Safi, Kalaivani Batumalaie, Hussah M. Alobaid, Abid Ali, Muhammad Imran

“…Objective: The objective was to study the association of <i>Klotho</i> gene G395A and C1818T single nucleotide polymorphisms with glycemia, serum, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) level and the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in the Pashtun population of Pakistan. Methods: In this study, 195 normal individuals and 217 T2DM patients were enrolled. …”
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Demographics of cystic echinococcosis patients treated surgically in Lahore, Pakistan: A single centre study from 2007 – 2018 by Rasib Q., Khan A., Ahmed H., Nizamuddin S., Asif F., Afzal M. S., Simsek S., Khurshid F., Irum S., Hussain N., Riaz S., Khan S. S., Budke C. M.

“…Most patients were members of the Pashtun (n=197; 36.7 %), Hindku (n=142; 26.5 %), and Punjabi (n=118; 22.0 %) ethnic groups. …”
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The Expansion of the Spectrum in Stuttering Disorders to a Novel ARMC Gene Family (<i>ARMC3</i>) by Adil U Rehman, Malaika Hamid, Sher Alam Khan, Muhammad Eisa, Wasim Ullah, Zia Ur Rehman, Muzammil Ahmad Khan, Sulman Basit, Noor Muhammad, Saadullah Khan, Naveed Wasif

“…The exome sequencing identified a homozygous splice site variant in <i>ARMC3</i> (Armadillo Repeat Containing 3) in a consanguineous Pashtun family of Pakistani origin as the underlying genetic cause of non-syndromic stuttering. …”
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Trauma, fantasy and subjectivity formation through a Lacanian approach in Khaled Hosseini’s novels by Haghighi, Hanieh

“…So far, a number of scattered Afghan poets expressed their bitter experience of war, and its traumatic outcomes in their Persian and Pashtun poems; however, the first Afghan writer, who expressed these factors and attracted the world’s attention to the sufferings and troubles of his nation, was the Afghan-American physician, Khaled Hosseini. …”
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Acknowledgment of Reviewers 2021

“…fer Shannon Scratch Bridgette Semple Nilkantha Sen Franco Servadei Saman Shabani Pashtun-Poh Shahim David Sharp I-Hsuan Shen Richard Shields Esther Shohami Sandy Shultz Robert Shura Shan Siddiqi Noah Silverberg Marc Simard Dennis Simon Anna-Leena Sir?…”
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