Mechanisms for regulation of RAS palmitoylation and plasma membrane trafficking in hematopoietic malignancies by Fang Yu, Zhijian Qian

“…Palmitoylation is a critical posttranslational modification that enables the cellular membrane localization and subsequent activation of RAS proteins, including HRAS, KRAS, and NRAS. However, the molecular mechanism that regulates RAS palmitoylation in malignant diseases remains unclear. …”
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CRISPRing <i>KRAS</i>: A Winding Road with a Bright Future in Basic and Translational Cancer Research by Xian Gong, Jianting Du, Ren-Wang Peng, Chun Chen, Zhang Yang

“…Once considered “undruggable” due to the strong affinity of RAS proteins for GTP and the structural lack of a hydrophobic “pocket” for drug binding, the development of proprietary therapies for KRAS-mutant tumors has long been a challenging area of research. …”
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Activation of MAP Kinase Pathway by Polyisoprenylated Cysteinyl Amide Inhibitors Causes Apoptosis and Disrupts Breast Cancer Cell Invasion by Jassy Mary S. Lazarte, Nazarius S. Lamango

“…RASA1, a RAS-GAP or GTPase-activating protein whose activity inhibits RAS signaling, is downregulated in up to 77% of TNBC cases. As such, RAS proteins become hyperactive and similar in effect to mutant hyperactive RAS proteins with impaired GTPase activities. …”
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The Role of ER Stress-Related Phenomena in the Biology of Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumors by Anna Walczak, Maciej Radek, Ireneusz Majsterek

“…NF1 is a negative regulator of the Ras proteins family, which are key factors in regulating cell growth, homeostasis and survival. …”
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RAS as Supporting Actor in Breast Cancer by Mirco Galiè

“…We review herein the major studies over the last three decades which have explored the controversial role of RAS proteins and their mutation status in breast tumorigenesis and have contributed to reveal their role as supporting actors, instead of as primary cause, in breast cancer.…”
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Wavelet coherence phase analysis decodes the universal switching mechanism of Ras GTPase superfamily by Zenia Motiwala, Anand S. Sandholu, Durba Sengupta, Kiran Kulkarni

“…Overall, for the first time, we show that WPCs could unravel the latent structural deviations in Ras proteins to decode their universal switching mechanism.…”
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KRAS and NRAS Translation Is Increased upon MEK Inhibitors-Induced Processing Bodies Dissolution by Olivia Vidal-Cruchez, Victoria J. Nicolini, Tifenn Rete, Karine Jacquet, Roger Rezzonico, Caroline Lacoux, Marie-Angela Domdom, Barnabé Roméo, Jérémie Roux, Arnaud Hubstenberger, Bernard Mari, Baharia Mograbi, Paul Hofman, Patrick Brest

“…Overall, we describe a new feedback loop mechanism involving biocondensates such as P-bodies in the translational regulation of RAS proteins and MAPK signaling.…”
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Deconstruction of the Ras switching cycle through saturation mutagenesis by Pradeep Bandaru, Neel H Shah, Moitrayee Bhattacharyya, John P Barton, Yasushi Kondo, Joshua C Cofsky, Christine L Gee, Arup K Chakraborty, Tanja Kortemme, Rama Ranganathan, John Kuriyan

“…Ras proteins are highly conserved signaling molecules that exhibit regulated, nucleotide-dependent switching between active and inactive states. …”
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KRAS is a prognostic biomarker associated with diagnosis and treatment in multiple cancers by Da Zhao, Da Zhao, Lizhuang Wang, Zheng Chen, Zheng Chen, Lijun Zhang, Lei Xu

“…KRAS encodes K-Ras proteins, which take part in the MAPK pathway. The expression level of KRAS is high in tumor patients. …”
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The Ins and Outs of RAS Effector Complexes by Christina Kiel, David Matallanas, Walter Kolch

“…Including aberrations in these pathways, RAS-dependent signaling is altered in more than half of human cancers. Targeting mutant RAS proteins and their downstream oncogenic signaling pathways has been elusive. …”
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Targeting oncogenic KRasG13C with nucleotide-based covalent inhibitors by Lisa Goebel, Tonia Kirschner, Sandra Koska, Amrita Rai, Petra Janning, Stefano Maffini, Helge Vatheuer, Paul Czodrowski, Roger S Goody, Matthias P Müller, Daniel Rauh

“…Mutations within Ras proteins represent major drivers in human cancer. …”
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Deconstruction of the Ras switching cycle through saturation mutagenesis by Bandaru, Pradeep, Shah, Neel H, Bhattacharyya, Moitrayee, Barton, John P, Kondo, Yasushi, Cofsky, Joshua C, Gee, Christine L, Chakraborty, Arup K, Kortemme, Tanja, Ranganathan, Rama, Kuriyan, John

“…Ras proteins are highly conserved signaling molecules that exhibit regulated, nucleotide-dependent switching between active and inactive states. …”
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Macropinocytosis of protein is an amino acid supply route in Ras-transformed cells by Commisso, Cosimo, Davidson, Shawn Michael, Soydaner-Azeloglu, Rengin G., Parker, Seth J., Kamphorst, Jurre J., Hackett, Sean, Grabocka, Elda, Nofal, Michel, Drebin, Jeffrey A., Thompson, Craig B., Rabinowitz, Joshua D., Metallo, Christian M., Vander Heiden, Matthew G., Bar-Sagi, Dafna

“…Macropinocytosis is a highly conserved endocytic process by which extracellular fluid and its contents are internalized into cells through large, heterogeneous vesicles known as macropinosomes. Oncogenic Ras proteins have been shown to stimulate macropinocytosis but the functional contribution of this uptake mechanism to the transformed phenotype remains unknown1, 2, 3. …”
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Digital Signaling and Hysteresis Characterize Ras Activation in Lymphoid Cells by Das, Jayajit, Ho, Mary, Zikherman, Julie, Govern, Christopher C., Yang, Ming, Weiss, Arthur, Chakraborty, Arup K., Roose, Jeroen P.

“…Activation of Ras proteins underlies functional decisions in diverse cell types. …”
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Revealing the effect of membrane curvature on lipid-mediated Ras clustering using nanostructures by Tay, Nicholas Kian Wee

“…One of the key membrane proteins that manages the key MAPK pathway known as Ras proteins, are commonly mutated and locked in an active state in cancer, disturbing the usual cell cycle and leading to carcinogenesis. …”
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The Role and Function of Ras-association domain family in Cancer: A Review by Mohammad Reza Zinatizadeh, Seyed Ali Momeni, Peyman Kheirandish Zarandi, Ghanbar Mahmoodi Chalbatani, Hassan Dana, Hamid Reza Mirzaei, Mohammad Esmaeil Akbari, Seyed Rouhollah Miri

“…Ras gene mutation has been observed in more than 30% of cancers, and 90% of pancreatic, lung and colon cancers. Ras proteins (K-Ras, H-Ras, N-Ras) act as molecular switches which are activated by binding to GTP. …”
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Structural and mechanistic insights into ras association domains of phospholipase C epsilon. by Bunney, T, Harris, R, Gandarillas, N, Josephs, M, Roe, S, Sorli, S, Paterson, H, Rodrigues-Lima, F, Esposito, D, Ponting, C, Gierschik, P, Pearl, L, Driscoll, P, Katan, M

“…Ras proteins signal to a number of distinct pathways by interacting with diverse effectors. …”

Membrane anchoring of the DIRAS3 N-terminal extension permits tumor suppressor function by Xiaowen Liang, Sung Yun Jung, Lon Wolf Fong, Gamze Bildik, Joshua P. Gray, Weiqun Mao, Shuxing Zhang, Steven W. Millward, Alemayehu A. Gorfe, Yong Zhou, Zhen Lu, Robert C. Bast, Jr.

“…Summary: DIRAS3 is an imprinted tumor suppressor gene encoding a GTPase that has a distinctive N-terminal extension (NTE) not found in other RAS proteins. This NTE and the prenylated C-terminus are required for DIRAS3-mediated inhibition of RAS/MAP signaling and PI3K activity at the plasma membrane. …”
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Multispecificity of a recombinant anti-ras monoclonal antibody by Schrader, John W., McLean, Gary R.

“…Although the monoclonal Ab was selected for specificity to m-ras peptide, it also bound to both recombinant full-length m-ras and h-ras proteins. The cross-reactive binding of the monoclonal Ab to h-ras was defined by peptide array blot revealing that the Ab showed preference for peptide sequences containing multiple positively charged amino acid residues. …”
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Direct evidence for the contribution of activated N-ras and K-ras oncogenes to increased intrinsic radiation resistance in human tumor cell lines. by Bernhard, E, Stanbridge, E, Gupta, S, Gupta, A, Soto, D, Bakanauskas, V, Cerniglia, G, Muschel, R, Mckenna, W

“…In addition, prenyltransferase inhibitors which inhibit ras proteins by blocking posttranslational modification radiosensitize cells with oncogenic ras. …”