A study of preparing silver iodide nanocolloid by electrical spark discharge method and its properties by Kuo-Hsiung Tseng, Chu-Ti Yeh, Meng-Yun Chung, Yur-Shan Lin, Ning Qui

“…Six discharge pulse wave parameter combinations (Ton–Toff) were employed, and the resultant particle size and suspension of the prepared samples were examined. …”
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Regression Modeling of EDM Process for AISI D2 Tool Steel with RSM by Shakir M. Mousa

“…The outcomes discover that Surface Roughness (Ra) is much more impacted by E.T., Ton, Toff, Ip and little of their interactions action or influence. …”
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Optimization in wire-cut EDM of Nimonic-80A using Taguchi's approach and utility concept by Amitesh Goswami, Jatinder Kumar

“…Significant interactions have been found between pulse-on time (Ton) and pulse-off time (Toff), pulse-on time (Ton) and peak current (IP), pulse-off time (Toff) and peak current (IP) for material removal rate; and pulse-on time (Ton) and peak current (IP) for surface roughness. …”
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The role of pulse time T off on porous silicon as template for Au nanoparticles by using the integrated electrochemical technique by Amran, T. S. T., Hashim, M. R., Ali, Nihad K., Yazid, H., Adnan, R.

“…SEM showed that the variation of Toff affects the pores formation and the growth of gold nanoparticles while EDX suggested the presence of Au inside the pores structure. …”

Effect of Voltage on Electrode Wear Rate (EWR) in the Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM) for Stainless Steel AISI 444 by Shukry Aghdeab, Anwer Abdulnabi

“…The best (EWR) value was (0.093507) mm3/min that obtained at voltage (140) V, Ip (12) A, Ton (400) µs and  Toff (12) µs.…”
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A Soft Computing-Based Analysis of Cutting Rate and Recast Layer Thickness for AZ31 Alloy on WEDM Using RSM-MOPSO by Kapil K. Goyal, Neeraj Sharma, Rahul Dev Gupta, Gurpreet Singh, Deepika Rani, Harish Kumar Banga, Raman Kumar, Danil Yurievich Pimenov, Khaled Giasin

“…It is found that the minimum RCL (6.34 µm) is obtained at SF: 1700; SV: 51 V; Toff: 10.5 µs; and Ton: 0.5 µs. However, maximum CR (3.18 m/min) is predicted at SF: 1900; SV: 40 V; Toff: 7 µs; and Ton: 0.9 µs. …”
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Investigation of enhancing EDM machining performance of INCONEL alloy using composite electrodes by Shabarinathan KT, Senthilkumar K, Kathiravan N, Udhayachandran RM

“…Optimal Ton is 8 μ s (7.56 μ m), while shorter Toff at 4 μ s and a 3 mm gap yield the best Ra of 7.36 μ m with A4 composite tool. …”
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The effect of pulsed electrodeposition parameters on the microstructure and magnetic properties of the CoNi nanowires by M. Almasi Kashi, A. Ramazani, N. Akhshi, E. J. Khamse, Z. Fallah

“…The effect of off time between pulses (toff) and reductive/oxidative time (treduc/oxid) on the microstructure and magnetic properties of the CoNi nanowires were investigated. …”
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Regression Modeling of EDM Process for AISI D2 Tool Steel with RSM by Shakir M. Mousa

“…The outcomes discover that Surface Roughness (Ra) is much more impacted by E.T., Ton, Toff, Ip and little of their interactions action or influence. …”
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Elektro Erozyon Yöntemi ile İşlenen Al2024-T3 Malzemesinin İşleme Parametrelerinin Optimizasyonu by Semih Güner, Mustafa Yurdakul, Emre Ayhan, Yusuf Tansel İç

“…Yapılan deneylerde boşalım akımı (Ip), vurum süresi (Ton) ve vurum aralığı (Toff) parametrelerinin performans yanıtları üzerindeki etkileri incelenmiştir. …”
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Enhancement or Reduction of Sonochemical Activity of Pulsed Ultrasound Compared to Continuous Ultrasound at 20 kHz? by Yujing Sun, Xingqian Ye

“…The sonochemical activity was constant at Ton/Toff = 2 s/2 s and slightly decreased at Ton/Toff = 3 s/2 s with time, whereas the sonochemical activity of continuous ultrasound significantly decreased with time. …”
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Investigating the electrical discharge micro drilling for porous architecture in magnesium alloy by Lalit Kumar, Kamal Kumar

“…The EDMD process variables like; discharge current (Ip), Pulse-on time (Ton), Pulse-off time (Toff), electrode material, electrode polarity, electrode rotation speed (RS), and work height are investigated for micro-drilling in Mg-alloy. …”
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Modelling of material removal rate in electro discharge machining of nonconductive ZrO₂ Ceramic with kerosene and EDM oil dielectric fluid / Abdus Sabur … [et al.] by Sabur, Abdus

“…Optimum values of Ip Ton, Toff and V are identified for EDM of ZrO₂ with kerosene dielectric.…”
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Research on junction temperature detection method of power electronic devices based on turn-off time and turn-off loss by Lingfeng Shao, Guoqing Xu, Weiwei Wei, Xichun Zhang, Huiyun Li, Luhai Zheng, Hui Zhao

“…In this paper, turn-off loss (Eoff) and turn-off time (toff) are taken as temperature-sensitive electrical parameters. …”
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Atmospheric Aerosol Assisted Pulsed Plasma Polymerization: An Environmentally Friendly Technique for Tunable Catechol-Bearing Thin Films by Vincent Jalaber, Doriane Del Frari, Julien De Winter, Kahina Mehennaoui, Sébastien Planchon, Patrick Choquet, Christophe Detrembleur, Maryline Moreno-Couranjou

“…An optimal tON/tOFF ratio is established, that permits maximizing the catechol content in the deposited film. …”
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Ni(II) Interactions in Boreal Paenibacillus sp., Methylobacterium sp., Paraburkholderia sp., and Pseudomonas sp. Strains Isolated From an Acidic, Ombrotrophic Bog by Jenna Knuutinen, Malin Bomberg, Marianna Kemell, Merja Lusa

“…As highest Ni uptake (with a maximum Kd of 1890 L/kg DW) was recorded for the Pseudomonas sp. strains, these bacteria were used in the following protein expression (SDS-PAGE and MALDI-TOFF), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and EDS experiments. …”
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Respektløs moro? by Leif Ove Larsen

“…Sommeren 1965, i et portrettintervju i VG under overskriften "Med venstrevri og det onde øyet", lanserte Rolv Wesenlund sitt program for en fornyelse av norsk revyhumor: tøff, ondskapsfull og tabuoverskridende. Ett år senere viet Stortinget en hel dag til en interpellasjon om NRKs programvirksomhet. …”
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WEDM of Al/SiC/Ti composite: A hybrid approach of RSM-ARAS-TLBO algorithm by Rajesh Khanna, Neeraj Sharma, Nilesh Kumar, Rahul Dev Gupta, Abhishek Sharma

“…The varying control factors while machining was pulse on-time (Ton), pulse off-time (Toff), servo voltage (SV) and wire feed (WF). However, the response variable to measure the machining characteristics were cutting speed (CS) and kerf width (KW). …”
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Investigation of machining rate and surface roughness in wire EDM of Al6063/WC/ZrO2 composite using response surface methodology by P Janagarathinam, M Subramanian, C Sowmya Dhanalakshmi, P Madhu

“…In order to examine the effects of process parameters such as voltage (V), pulse on time (Ton) and pulse off time (Toff) on material removal rate (MRR) and surface roughness (SR), the experiments were conducted by adapting Response Surface Methodology (RSM) in conjunction with the central composite design (CCD). …”
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Processing of Al/SiC/Gr Hybrid Composite on EDM by Different Electrode Materials Using RSM-COPRAS Approach by Adel T. Abbas, Neeraj Sharma, Zeyad A. Alsuhaibani, Vishal S. Sharma, Mahmoud S. Soliman, Rakesh Chandmal Sharma

“…The machining variables selected for the current research were the pulse off time (Toff), pulse on time (Ton), servo voltage (SV), current (I), and tool electrode. …”
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