When and Why the Doctrine of a “Rules-Based International Order” Emerged by B. I. Nefedov

“…This doctrine is actively utilized by leading Western powers to substantiate their political positions and accuse strategic competitors of failing to adhere to these “rules” deemed as legally binding. …”
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The Southeast Asian community evolution : legacies of pre-colonial and colonial past in ASEAN community-building. by Mario, Masaya.

“…This type of community drastically changed since the Western powers arrived in the region. The colonialism period, intensified during is" century, successfully deformed the Southeast Asian indigenous community where international politics was exercised through the sacrosanct concept of mandala, negara, or the Chinese tributary system. …”
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An Analytical Assessment of Muhammad Iqbal's Framework of Ijtihad by Abdul Rahim, Adibah

“…In the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, Muslim countries were occupied by Western powers that came across the local Muslim culture and traditions. …”
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Sports : as an appliance of incorporation toward Malaysian Society by Omar, Abdul Hafidz, Awang Hamid, Dayang Tiawa, Islam, Md. Rajibul

“…History shows that colonization by the western powers i.e., the Portuguese, Dutch and the British were claimed to have great impact on the segregation of these three races. …”
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China drive toward Africa between arguments of neo-colonialism and mutual-beneficial relationship: Egypt as a case study by Alyaa Wagdy el-Shafei, Mohamed Metawe

“…In addition to the growing number of arguments are on the dominance of PRC in Africa over the western powers as European Union or United States in the Continent. …”
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A Near-Run Thing: the Improbable Grand Alliance of World War II (1929–1942) by M. J. Carley

“…The larger context is the origins and unfolding of World War II, a subject of importance both intrinsically and politically in relations between the Russian Federation and the western powers. President Vladimir Putin has himself taken an interest in these questions, insisting on an honest, frank historical treatment of that period. …”
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WAS NIGERIA’S OFFERING OF ASYLUM STATUS TO PRESIDENT CHARLES TAYLOR OF LIBERIA A DIPLOMATIC BLUNDER? by Dr Christopher Ochanja Ngara

“…To sustain the country’s pedigree of diplomatic excellence in resolving the Liberian crisis, Nigeria should rally ECOWAS countries to deepen economic integration, achieve self-reliance and make the sub-region less vulnerable to manipulation by Western powers. …”
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Museographic narrating of dissonant heritage in Tianjin’s former international concessions by Maria Gravari-Barbas, Sandra Guinand, Yue Lu, Chensi Shen

“…Abstract Concessions—defined as the urban elements built by Western powers while ‘occupying’ various parts of the Chinese territory—have recently been granted heritage status by the Chinese national and local authorities. …”
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Borders of belonging: how Chinese nationalism constructs exclusion in the age of populism by Chun Kai Leung, Jeremy Ko, Anthony Cheung, Boris Lok-fai Pun, Wai-Kit Ming

“…In contrast, popular nationalism—expressed through user-generated comments—manifests in a confrontational, exclusionary discourse that delineates China from external adversaries, particularly Western powers. Through a mixed-methods approach—combining word frequency, sentiment, and emotional categorization using the NRC Emotion Lexicon—this study uncovers key differences between the two forms of nationalism. …”
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Changing the Picture and Music for Hope: Cultural Expressions of Solidarity in the UK with El Salvador at the End of the Cold War by Pablo Bradbury, Andrew Redden, Emily McIndoe

“…The article centres on a mural titled Changing the Picture, painted in Greenwich from 1985, which depicts a message of hope for overcoming state repression sponsored by multinational capital and Western powers; and Music for Hope, an ongoing musical education programme beginning in 1996-7 based in the Bajo Lempa, a coastal region of El Salvador, but set up and supported by a British solidarity network. …”
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The Turkish Factor in China’s Uyghur Question by David G. Bdoyan, Tatiana N. Litvinova

“…A number of UN reports and ones by non-governmental organizations accuse the PRC of violating the rights of the Uyghur population. Western powers tend to use the issue as a tool of political pressure on China. …”
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The Spiritual Turn: Modern Sufism and the Study of Islamic Art and Architecture by Guermazi, Iheb

“…The Algerian anti-colonial leader and Sufi master hoped that such an ecumenical project could spare his co-religionaries further military confrontations with Western powers. Organized chronologically, the dissertation then follows the slow, rhizomatic evolution of a 19th century political stance into a rather well-structured art theory a century later. …”
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Does the history of opening ports and trading influence the long-term business credit environment of cities? Evidence from the Yangtze River Delta region of China. by Haisheng Chen, Songsai Bao, Manhong Shen, Dingqing Ni

“…The study confirms that: (1) the opening of ports and commerce in the late Qing Dynasty had a significant contribution to the urban commercial credit environment, which was conducive to the transformation of production methods and interpersonal relationships from traditional to modern, and to the improvement of the urban commercial credit environment. (2) Before the signing of the Treaty of Shimonoseki, the local forces of the late Qing Dynasty were resistant to the economic aggression of the Great Powers, and the positive impact of the opening of ports and trading on the commercial credit environment of port cities was more significant, but the impact was not obvious after the signing of the Treaty of Shimonoseki. (3) From the history of the opening of ports for trade in the late Qing Dynasty, the economic aggression of the Western powers against the non-patronage areas by means of the buying class objectively strengthened the concept of rule of law and credit awareness in the local market and exerted a long-term influence on the commercial credit environment of the cities, but the impact of the opening of ports for trade on the commercial credit environment of the patronage areas was not prominent. (4) Cities located in the sphere of influence of the common law powers had a more pronounced impact on the commercial credit environment as their institutions and concepts were more easily transplanted, while the impact of the opening of ports and trading on the commercial credit environment of cities in the sphere of influence of the civil law powers was not significant. …”
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Role of the Arab League in Structuring the Arab Regional Space by E. S. Melkumyan

“…The LAS in its documents built a common Arab narrative, having two underpinnings: the recognition of the Palestinian Arab people as a victim of the Western powers and Zionists, as well as foreign policy of Israel.The article traces the relationship between the activities of the Arab League and the changes that have occurred in the regional and international environment. …”
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Chinese Transformation Policies for 2015 and Beyond: Quo Vadis? by Im-Soo Yoo

“…The nation was unified after a century of humiliation at the hands of the Western powers and after being divided amongst warlords, Communists and Nationalists. …”
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Conspiratorial Narratives and Ideological Constructs in the Russia–Ukraine Conflict: From the New World Order to the Golden Billion Theories by Marino De Luca, Luigi Giungato

“…The fourth episode delves into the 2024 Moscow terrorist attacks, which were seen by some as either a false flag operation conducted by Western powers or as a legitimate repercussion of Western encroachment orchestrated to weaken Russia’s resolve and international standing. …”
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The dynamics of foreign consular representation in the Danube maritime ports, an indicator of the regional geopolitical interest of the major power actors (1850-1939) by Іонель Мітеа, Іоана Мітеа

“…In this context, the great Western powers (England, Austria, France), the Eastern-Balkan powers (the Russian Empire, the Ottoman Empire), but also the regional powers, which aspired to the status of great power (Italy and Greece), showed a special interest in the port cities of the Maritime Danube, materialized also in the form of consular representation, as a mechanism of influence and monitoring of the presence of rival states in the region. …”
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Mongolia’s Diplomatic Efforts to Join the United Nations and the Changes in the Position of the Great Powers by Ulambayar Denzenlkham

“…As a consequence, Mongolia’s independence has been approved by a recognize of Western powers and it began to emerge out of its isolation, participate in decision of global issues, and cooperate with the international community. …”
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British and American relations with independent Ukraine, 1917-1921 and 1991-1994 by Khoroshilova, Yulia

“…Part I of the thesis examines the bilateral relations, political and diplomatic, between the two Western powers with Ukraine during the first period, namely from 1917 till 1921 when Ukraine was finally absorbed by Bolshevik Russia. …”
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The evolution of islam-culture fusion, identity, islamic resurgence and current challenges in the Malay life by Musa, Hashim

“…The colonization of the Western powers in the Malay world in the 16th century, have tremendous effect upon the Malays with their agenda of 3 Gs (gold, glory, Gospel), depriving them of their political, economic and cultural dominance in their own lands. …”
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