Pattern of lactoferrin anti-influenza virus inhibitory activity by V. N. Zorina

“…Active antigenic drift allows the influenza virus to partially or completely avoid recognition by the immune system. …”
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The Long Road to a Universal Influenza Virus Vaccine by Peter Palese

“…Current vaccines only provide limited, short-lived protection, and antigenic drift/shift in the hemagglutinin (HA) surface glycoprotein necessitates their annual reformulation and re-administration. …”
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Pathology of Equine Influenza virus (H3N8) in Murine Model. by Selvaraj Pavulraj, Bidhan Chandra Bera, Alok Joshi, Taruna Anand, Meenakshi Virmani, Rajesh Kumar Vaid, Karuppusamy Shanmugasundaram, Baldev Raj Gulati, K Rajukumar, Rajendra Singh, Jyoti Misri, Raj Kumar Singh, Bhupendra Nath Tripathi, Nitin Virmani

“…They evolve by the process of antigenic drift that leads to substantial change in the antigenicity of the virus, thereby necessitating substitution of virus strain in the vaccines. …”
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High activity of an affinity-matured ACE2 decoy against Omicron SARS-CoV-2 and pre-emergent coronaviruses. by Joshua J Sims, Sharon Lian, Rosemary L Meggersee, Aradhana Kasimsetty, James M Wilson

“…Receptor-based decoy inhibitors can target a wide range of viral strains with a common receptor and may have intrinsic resistance to escape mutant generation and antigenic drift. We previously generated an affinity-matured decoy inhibitor based on the receptor target of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), and deployed it in a recombinant adeno-associated virus vector (rAAV) for intranasal delivery and passive prophylaxis against COVID-19. …”
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DNA immunization with in silico predicted T-cell epitopes protects against lethal SARS-CoV-2 infection in K18-hACE2 mice by Gry Persson, Katherine H. Restori, Julie Hincheli Emdrup, Sophie Schussek, Michael Schantz Klausen, McKayla J. Nicol, Bhuvana Katkere, Birgitte Rønø, Girish Kirimanjeswara, Anders Bundgaard Sørensen

“…Because the first licensed vaccines target only single B-cell antigens, antigenic drift could lead to loss of efficacy against emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants. …”
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Influenza and Universal Vaccine Research in China by Jiali Li, Yifan Zhang, Xinglong Zhang, Longding Liu

“…However, when influenza viruses undergo rapid and sustained antigenic drift resulting in a mismatch between the vaccine strain and the epidemic strain, the protective effect is greatly reduced. …”
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Site-specific glycosylation profile of influenza A (H1N1) hemagglutinin through tandem mass spectrometry by Esteban Cruz, Joel Cain, Ben Crossett, Veysel Kayser

“…The study of influenza virus evolution in humans has revealed a significant role of glycosylation profile alterations in the viral glycoproteins – hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA), in the emergence of both seasonal and pandemic strains. Viral antigenic drift can modify the number and location of glycosylation sites, altering a wide range of biological activities and the antigenic properties of the strain. …”
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Immunodominant Cytomegalovirus Epitopes Suppress Subdominant Epitopes in the Generation of High-Avidity CD8 T Cells by Kirsten Freitag, Sara Hamdan, Matthias J. Reddehase, Rafaela Holtappels

“…This may be a host’s back-up strategy to avoid viral immune escape through antigenic drift caused by IDE mutations. Importantly, our results are relevant for the design of vaccines based on cytomegaloviruses as vectors to generate high-avidity CD8⁺ T-cell memory specific for unrelated pathogens or tumors. …”
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Can interactions between timing of vaccine-altered influenza pandemic waves and seasonality in influenza complications lead to more severe outcomes? by Utkarsh J Dang, Chris T Bauch

“…We find that vaccination in advance of a fall pandemic wave can actually increase the number of ICU admissions in situations where antigenic drift is sufficiently rapid or where importation of a cross-reactive strain is possible. …”
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A CpG 1018 adjuvanted neuraminidase vaccine provides robust protection from influenza virus challenge in mice by Shirin Strohmeier, Fatima Amanat, John D. Campbell, Paula Traquina, Robert L. Coffman, Florian Krammer

“…The HA undergoes constant antigenic drift, which can lead to a dramatic loss in vaccine effectiveness, requiring the annual reformulation and readministration of influenza virus vaccines. …”
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Il virus influenzale: una nuova pandemia dietro l’angolo? by Concetta Castilletti, Maria Rosaria Capobianchi

“…The emergence of small antigenic changes determined on HA and NA by point mutations (antigenic drift) is on the basis of the seasonal outbreaks, whose spread is allowed by the incomplete protection provided by immunity against the previous infecting viral strains.The reassortment of genome segments that may occur after mixed infection with different antigenic types is on the basis of the appearance of new antigenic combinations (antigenic shift), leading to the emergence of vaste outbreaks, possibly involving most of the human world population (pandemics). …”
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T-cell-mediated cross-strain protective immunity elicited by prime–boost vaccination with a live attenuated influenza vaccine by Junwei Li, Maria T. Arévalo, Yanping Chen, Shan Chen, Mingtao Zeng

“…Background: Antigenic drift and shift of influenza viruses require frequent reformulation of influenza vaccines. …”
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Sowing the Seeds of a Pandemic? Mammalian Pathogenicity and Transmissibility of H1 Variant Influenza Viruses from the Swine Reservoir by Joanna A. Pulit-Penaloza, Jessica A. Belser, Terrence M. Tumpey, Taronna R. Maines

“…As the North American swine H1 virus population has diversified over the last century by means of both antigenic drift and shift, in vivo assessments to study multifactorial traits like mammalian pathogenicity and transmissibility of these emerging influenza viruses are critical. …”
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Conjunction of factors triggering waves of seasonal influenza by Ishanu Chattopadhyay, Emre Kiciman, Joshua W Elliott, Jeffrey L Shaman, Andrey Rzhetsky

“…The strongest predictor groups are as follows, ranked by importance: (1) the host population’s socio- and ethno-demographic properties; (2) weather variables pertaining to specific humidity, temperature, and solar radiation; (3) the virus’ antigenic drift over time; (4) the host population’€™s land-based travel habits, and; (5) recent spatio-temporal dynamics, as reflected in the influenza wave auto-correlation. …”
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Assessment of lung involvement using HRCT among vaccinated and non-vaccinated elderly COVID-19 patients admitted in a designated hospital, Tamil Nadu – A retrospective study by Rajaraman Nivetha, Neethiselvan Rajarajeswari, Balaji Arumugam, Chinnaian Sivagurunathan, Ramesh Harihara Iyer

“…But the continuous emergence of new SARS-COV2 variants (antigenic drift) and its demographic variation in virulence makes the vaccine's efficacy questionable. …”
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Transdermal influenza immunization with vaccine-coated microneedle arrays. by Dimitrios G Koutsonanos, Maria del Pilar Martin, Vladimir G Zarnitsyn, Sean P Sullivan, Richard W Compans, Mark R Prausnitz, Ioanna Skountzou

“…Influenza is a contagious disease caused by a pathogenic virus, with outbreaks all over the world and thousands of hospitalizations and deaths every year. Due to virus antigenic drift and short-lived immune responses, annual vaccination is required. …”
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Variation in loss of immunity shapes influenza epidemics and the impact of vaccination by Rutger G. Woolthuis, Jacco Wallinga, Michiel van Boven

“…Abstract Background Protective antibody immunity against the influenza A virus wanes in 2–7 years due to antigenic drift of the virus’ surface proteins. The duration of immune protection is highly variable because antigenic evolution of the virus is irregular. …”
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Gene constellation of influenza A virus reassortants with high growth phenotype prepared as seed candidates for vaccine production. by Andrew A Fulvini, Manojkumar Ramanunninair, Jianhua Le, Barbara A Pokorny, Jennifer Minieri Arroyo, Jeanmarie Silverman, Rene Devis, Doris Bucher

“…BACKGROUND: Influenza A virus vaccines undergo yearly reformulations due to the antigenic variability of the virus caused by antigenic drift and shift. It is critical to the vaccine manufacturing process to obtain influenza A seed virus that is antigenically identical to circulating wild type (wt) virus and grows to high titers in embryonated chicken eggs. …”
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The convergent evolution of influenza A virus: Implications, therapeutic strategies and what we need to know by Zheng Yao Low, Ka Heng Wong, Ashley Jia Wen Yip, Wee Sim Choo

“…Influenza virus can be classified into four different genera: influenza A-D, with the former two, influenza A and B, relevant to humans. The capacity of antigenic drift and shift in Influenza A has given rise to many novel variants, rendering vaccines and antiviral therapies useless. …”
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Antigenic characterization of highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) viruses with chicken and ferret antisera reveals clade-dependent variation in hemagglutination inhibition pr... by Thi Nguyen, D, Shepard, S, Burke, D, Jones, J, Thor, S, Nguyen, L, Nguyen, T, Balish, A, Hoang, D, To, T, Iqbal, M, Wentworth, D, Spackman, E, van Doorn, H, Davis, C, Bryant, J

“…Our results establish the feasibility and utility of HPAI A(H5N1) antigenic characterization using chicken antisera and support further experimental and modeling studies to investigate quantitative relationships between genetic variation, antigenic drift and correlates of poultry vaccine protection in vivo.…”