Structural Insights for Anti-Influenza Vaccine Design by Lifen Han, Cong Chen, Xianlin Han, Shujin Lin, Xiulan Ao, Xiao Han, Jianmin Wang, Hanhui Ye

“…Influenza A virus are a persistent and significant threat to human health, and current vaccines do not provide sufficient protection due to antigenic drift, which allows influenza viruses to easily escape immune surveillance and antiviral drug activity. …”
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Molecular Analysis of the Avian H7 Influenza Viruses Circulating in South Korea during 2018–2019: Evolutionary Significance and Associated Zoonotic Threats by Bao Tuan Duong, Jyotiranjan Bal, Haan Woo Sung, Seon-Ju Yeo, Hyun Park

“…Avian influenza virus (AIV) subtypes H5 and H7, possessing the ability to mutate spontaneously from low pathogenic (LP) to highly pathogenic (HP) variants, are major concerns for enormous socio-economic losses in the poultry industry, as well as for fatal human infections. Through antigenic drift and shift, genetic reassortments of the genotypes pose serious threats of increased virulence and pathogenicity leading to potential pandemics. …”
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Pre-existing antibodies directed against a tetramerizing domain enhance the immune response against artificially stabilized soluble tetrameric influenza neuraminidase by João Paulo Portela Catani, Emma R. Job, Tine Ysenbaert, Anouk Smet, Satyajit Ray, Lauren LaRue, Svetlana Stegalkina, Mario Barro, Thorsten U. Vogel, Xavier Saelens

“…Even though NA head domain changes at a slightly slower pace than hemagglutinin (HA), NA is still subject to antigenic drift, and therefore an NA-based influenza vaccine antigen may have to be updated regularly and thus repeatedly administered. …”
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Fc-Effector-Independent in vivo Activity of a Potent Influenza B Neuraminidase Broadly Neutralizing Antibody by Ahmed M. Khalil, Michael S. Piepenbrink, Ian Markham, Madhubanti Basu, Luis Martinez-Sobrido, James J. Kobie

“…Similar to influenza A viruses (IAV), the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) of IBV undergo antigenic drift, necessitating regular reformulation of seasonal influenza vaccines. …”
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Repeated influenza vaccination provides cumulative protection from distinct H3N2 viruses by Niloufar Kavian, Asmaa Hachim, Benjamin J Cowling, Sophie A Valkenburg

“…Abstract Objectives Current inactivated influenza vaccines provide suboptimal protection against antigenic drift, and repeated annual vaccinations shape antibody specificity but the effect on protection from infection is not well understood. …”
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Potential immune evasion of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 Omicron variants by Luyi Chen, Ying He, Hongye Liu, Yongjun Shang, Guoning Guo

“…Especially, we focused on the potential roles of viral epitope mutations, antigenic drift, hybrid immunity, and “original antigenic sin” in mediating immune evasion. …”
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Predicting influenza antigenicity from Hemagglutintin sequence data based on a joint random forest method by Yuhua Yao, Xianhong Li, Bo Liao, Li Huang, Pingan He, Fayou Wang, Jiasheng Yang, Hailiang Sun, Yulong Zhao, Jialiang Yang

“…By restricting the analysis to data involving two adjacent antigenic clusters, we inferred a few key amino acids mutation driving the 11 historical antigenic drift events, pointing to experimentally validated mutations. …”
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Charged amino acid variability related to N-glyco -sylation and epitopes in A/H3N2 influenza: Hem -agglutinin and neuraminidase. by Zhong-Zhou Huang, Liang Yu, Ping Huang, Li-Jun Liang, Qing Guo

“…The A/H3N2 influenza viruses circulated in humans have been shown to undergo antigenic drift, a process in which amino acid mutations result from nucleotide substitutions. …”
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On Epitope-Paratope Interactions of Emerging to Endemic Viruses by Miller, Nathaniel L.

“…Though highly differentiated, these three viruses present a common challenge to society in the need to continually prepare for and rapidly respond to new outbreaks, novel variants, and persistent antigenic drift. Through dedication of resources and tools toward this end, society can prevent significant annual morbidity. …”
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Engineering and targeting glycan receptor binding of influenza A virus hemagglutinin by Jayaraman, Akila

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Broadly Neutralizing Influenza Hemagglutinin Stem-Specific Antibody CR8020 Targets Residues that Are Prone to Escape due to Host Selection Pressure by Tharakaraman, Kannan, Subramanian, Vidya, Cain, David, Sasisekharan, Viswanathan, Sasisekharan, Ram

“…Structural and computational analyses reported here indicate that CR8020 targets HA residues that are prone to antigenic drift and host selection pressure. Critically, CR8020 escape mutation is seen in certain H7N9 viruses from recent outbreaks. …”
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Analisis Dinamika Genetik Receptor Binding Site Hemaglutinin Virus Avian Influenza H5N1 Isolat Bali by , R.Aj. SRI WULANDARI,dr, , Prof. drh. Widya Asmara, SU, PhD

“…Hemagglutinin of the avian influenza virus H5N1 evolves rapidly through antigenic shift and antigenic drift. Strains with mutated hemagglutinin may emerge, potentially changing the receptor binding preference from avian to human-type and causing pandemic. …”

The impact of candidate influenza virus and egg-based manufacture on vaccine effectiveness: literature review and expert consensus by Rajaram, S, Wojcik, R, Moore, C, Ortiz de Lejarazu, R, de Lusignan, S, Montomoli, E, Rossi, A, Pérez-Rubio, A, Trilla, A, Baldo, V, Jandhyala, R, Kassianos, G

“…Whilst vaccination is key for the prevention of influenza infection, there are many factors which may contribute to reduced vaccine effectiveness, including antigenic evolution via both antigenic drift and egg-adaptations. Due to the currently dissociated and indirect evidence supporting both the occurrence of these two phenomena in the egg-based manufacturing process and their effects on vaccine effectiveness, this topic remains a subject of debate. …”

Reflections on historical pandemics and Mahidol University’s research on the treatment and prevention of influenza outbreaks by Pukrittayakamee, S, Poovorawan, K, Peto, TJ, Phumratanaprapin, W

“…Unlike bacteria, virus proteins are readily altered through antigenic drift and shift. In the case of the latter, a new viral infection may enter an entirely susceptible human population who have never been exposed before and have no effective host immunity. …”

Conservation and diversity of influenza A H1N1 HLA-restricted T cell epitope candidates for epitope-based vaccines. by Tan, P, Heiny, A, Miotto, O, Salmon, J, Marques, E, Lemonnier, F, August, J

“… BACKGROUND: The immune-related evolution of influenza viruses is exceedingly complex and current vaccines against influenza must be reformulated for each influenza season because of the high degree of antigenic drift among circulating influenza strains. Delay in vaccine production is a serious problem in responding to a pandemic situation, such as that of the current H1N1 strain. …”

Construction and cloning of synthetic M2e-NP gene from asian influenza a viruses by Seng, Teh Yew

“…Conventional influenza vaccines are mainly targeting two surface glycoproteins namely hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) that undergo antigenic drift and antigenic shift continuously. This poses extraordinary challenges to the virologist for strain identification and effective vaccine preparation during a pandemic. …”
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VLPs containing stalk domain and ectodomain of matrix protein 2 of influenza induce protection in mice by Lili Shi, Ying Long, Yanyan Zhu, Jingjian Dong, Yan Chen, Hao Feng, Xianliang Sun

“…Abstract Background As a result of antigenic drift, current influenza vaccines provide limited protection against circulating influenza viruses, and vaccines with broad cross protection are urgently needed. …”
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T Cell Response following Anti-COVID-19 BNT162b2 Vaccination Is Maintained against the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron B.1.1.529 Variant of Concern by Hila Cohen, Shahar Rotem, Uri Elia, Gal Bilinsky, Itzchak Levy, Theodor Chitlaru, Erez Bar-Haim

“…The progression of the COVID-19 pandemic has led to the emergence of variants of concern (VOC), which may compromise the efficacy of the currently administered vaccines. Antigenic drift can potentially bring about reduced protective T cell immunity and, consequently, more severe disease manifestations. …”
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Prior immunity helps to explain wave-like behaviour of pandemic influenza in 1918-9 by Pallaghy Paul K, McVernon Jodie, McBryde Emma S, Mathews John D, McCaw James M

“…After each wave, 33-65% of protected persons became susceptible again before the next wave through waning immunity or antigenic drift. Estimated rates of prior immunity were less in younger populations (19-59%) than in adult populations (38-66%), and tended to lapse more frequently in the young (49-92%) than in adults (34-76%).…”
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NAction! How Can Neuraminidase-Based Immunity Contribute to Better Influenza Virus Vaccines? by Florian Krammer, Ron A. M. Fouchier, Maryna C. Eichelberger, Richard J. Webby, Kathryn Shaw-Saliba, Hongquan Wan, Patrick C. Wilson, Richard W. Compans, Ioanna Skountzou, Arnold S. Monto

“…These questions, among others, concern the targeted epitopes or antigenic sites, the potential for antigenic drift, and, connected to that, the breadth of protection, differences in induction of immune responses by vaccination versus infection, mechanisms of protection, the role of mucosal antineuraminidase antibodies, stability, and the immunogenicity of neuraminidase in vaccine formulations. …”
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