Broad blockade antibody responses in human volunteers after immunization with a multivalent norovirus VLP candidate vaccine: immunological analyses from a phase I clinical trial. by Lisa C Lindesmith, Martin T Ferris, Clancy W Mullan, Jennifer Ferreira, Kari Debbink, Jesica Swanstrom, Charles Richardson, Robert R Goodwin, Frank Baehner, Paul M Mendelman, Robert F Bargatze, Ralph S Baric

“…<h4>Background</h4>Human noroviruses (NoVs) are the primary cause of acute gastroenteritis and are characterized by antigenic variation between genogroups and genotypes and antigenic drift of strains within the predominant GII.4 genotype. …”
Get full text

Emerging SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Concern (VOCs): An Impending Global Crisis by Angel Yun-Kuan Thye, Jodi Woan-Fei Law, Priyia Pusparajah, Vengadesh Letchumanan, Kok-Gan Chan, Learn-Han Lee

“…Many clinically significant variants have emerged, as the virus’s genome is prone to various mutations, leading to antigenic drift and resulting in evasion of host immune recognition. …”
Get full text

Characterizing genetic and antigenic divergence from vaccine strain of influenza A and B viruses circulating in Thailand, 2017–2020 by Nungruthai Suntronwong, Sirapa Klinfueng, Sumeth Korkong, Preeyaporn Vichaiwattana, Thanunrat Thongmee, Sompong Vongpunsawad, Yong Poovorawan

“…The B/Victoria-like lineage predominated since 2019 with an additional three AA deletions. Antigenic drift was dominantly facilitated at epitopes Sa and Sb of A(H1N1)pdm09, epitopes A, B, D and E of A(H3N2), and the 120 loop and 190 helix of influenza B virus. …”
Get full text

Characterization of Mouse Monoclonal Antibodies Against the HA of A(H7N9) Influenza Virus by Mutsumi Ito, Seiya Yamayoshi, Kazushi Murakami, Kenji Saito, Atsuo Motojima, Kazunari Nakaishi, Yoshihiro Kawaoka

“…These results suggest that amino acid substitutions at the epitope of the second mAb group appear to be involved in the antigenic drift of the H7N9 viruses. Further analysis is required to fully understand the antigenic change in H7N9 viruses.…”
Get full text

PD-1 combined with TRBC1 and pan-T cell antibodies for robustly monitoring angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma by Chunyan Wang, Li Zhu, Songya Liu, Shujuan Yi, Min Xiao, Yicheng Zhang, Xia Mao

“…Using PD-1 and TRBC1 combined with pan-T cell antibodies can make a precise diagnosis of AITL and also sensitively monitor minimal residual disease regardless of the antigenic drift of the neoplastic T cells.…”
Get full text

DNA vaccine based on conserved HA-peptides induces strong immune response and rapidly clears influenza virus infection from vaccinated pigs. by Marta Sisteré-Oró, Sergi López-Serrano, Veljko Veljkovic, Sonia Pina-Pedrero, Júlia Vergara-Alert, Lorena Córdoba, Mónica Pérez-Maillo, Patrícia Pleguezuelos, Enric Vidal, Joaquim Segalés, Jens Nielsen, Anders Fomsgaard, Ayub Darji

“…In order to confront and prevent these possible emergences as well as antigenic drift phenomena, vaccination remains of vital importance. …”
Get full text

Seasonal quadrivalent mRNA vaccine prevents and mitigates influenza infection by Christina M. Kackos, Jennifer DeBeauchamp, Christopher J. H. Davitt, Jan Lonzaric, Robert E. Sealy, Julia L. Hurwitz, Marcelo M. Samsa, Richard J. Webby

“…This vaccination strategy results in vaccines with variable efficacy year to year due to antigenic drift of HA, which can be further exacerbated by manufacturing processes optimizing growth of vaccine virus in eggs. …”
Get full text

Single intranasal immunization with a high dose of influenza vector protects against infection with heterologous influenza virus and SARS-CoV-2 in ferrets and hamsters by Andrej Egorov, Artem A. Krokhin, Irina A. Leneva, Pavel Korabliov, Pavelas Loiteris, Vladimir E. Nebolsin

“…However, this approach proves ineffective if a virus undergoes antigenic drift and shift, or if a new virus, such as SARS-CoV-2, emerges and enters circulation. …”
Get full text

How to Meet the Last OIE Expert Surveillance Panel Recommendations on Equine Influenza (EI) Vaccine Composition: A Review of the Process Required for the Recombinant Canarypox-Base... by Romain Paillot, Nicola L. Rash, Dion Garrett, Leah Prowse-Davis, Fernando Montesso, Ann Cullinane, Laurent Lemaitre, Jean-Christophe Thibault, Sonia Wittreck, Agnes Dancer

“…The recombinant canarypox-based EI vaccine was the first fully updated EI vaccine available in the EU, which will help to minimise the increasing risk of vaccine breakdown due to constant EIV evolution through antigenic drift.…”
Get full text

Current and Novel Approaches in Influenza Management by Erasmus Kotey, Deimante Lukosaityte, Osbourne Quaye, William Ampofo, Gordon Awandare, Munir Iqbal

“…However, conventional vaccines are only effective for a short period of time due to the propensity of influenza viruses to undergo antigenic drift and antigenic shift. The efficacy of these vaccines is uncertain from year-to-year due to potential mismatch between the circulating viruses and vaccine strains, and mutations arising due to egg adaptation. …”
Get full text

A Vaccine Displaying a Trimeric Influenza-A HA Stem Protein on Capsid-Like Particles Elicits Potent and Long-Lasting Protection in Mice by Susan Thrane, Kara-Lee Aves, Ida E. M Uddbäck, Christoph M. Janitzek, Julianna Han, Yuhe R. Yang, Andrew B. Ward, Thor G. Theander, Morten A. Nielsen, Ali Salanti, Allan R. Thomsen, Jan P. Christensen, Adam F. Sander

“…Due to constant antigenic drift and shift, current influenza-A vaccines need to be redesigned and administered annually. …”
Get full text

Vaccinating children against influenza increases variability in epidemic size by J.A. Backer, M. van Boven, W. van der Hoek, J. Wallinga

“…The model tracks the build-up of immunes and susceptibles in each age cohort over time, and it allows for seasonal variation in vaccine match and antigenic drift. Different vaccination strategies are evaluated for three target age groups (2–3, 2–12 and 2–16 year olds) over the full range of vaccination coverages (0–100%).The results show that the paediatric vaccination programme has only a limited impact on the elderly age groups, which account for most influenza morbidity and mortality. …”
Get full text

Genetic and Antigenic Characteristics of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N8) Viruses Circulating in Domestic Poultry in Egypt, 2017–2021 by Ahmed Kandeil, Yassmin Moatasim, Ahmed El Taweel, Mohamed El Sayes, Adam Rubrum, Trushar Jeevan, Pamela P. McKenzie, Richard J. Webby, Mohamed A. Ali, Ghazi Kayali, Rabeh El-Shesheny

“…Some mutations in the HA resulted in antigenic drift. Heterogeneity in circulating H5N8 HPAI threatens poultry production and public health.…”
Get full text

Limited evolution of the yellow fever virus 17d in a mouse infection model by Dieudonné Buh Kum, Niraj Mishra, Bram Vrancken, Hendrik Jan Thibaut, Annelies Wilder-Smith, Philippe Lemey, Johan Neyts, Kai Dallmeier

“…Secondly, it also largely lowers the chance of antigenic drift and development of resistance to antivirals.…”
Get full text

Interaction between host cell proteins and open reading frames of porcine circovirus type 2 by Si-Won Park, In-Byung Park, Seok-Jin Kang, Joonbeom Bae, Taehoon Chun

“…In addition, PCV2a vaccine itself could generate antigenic drift of PCV2 capsid. Therefore, PCV2 infection still threats pig industry worldwide. …”
Get full text

<italic toggle="yes">In Vivo</italic> Imaging of Influenza Virus Infection in Immunized Mice by Rita Czakó, Leatrice Vogel, Elaine W. Lamirande, Kevin W. Bock, Ian N. Moore, Ali H. Ellebedy, Rafi Ahmed, Andrew Mehle, Kanta Subbarao

“…Vaccination and immunotherapy are effective countermeasures for the control of influenza but must contend with antigenic drift and the risk of resistance to antivirals. …”
Get full text

Emerging threats and vaccination strategies of H9N2 viruses in poultry in Indonesia: A review [version 2; peer review: 2 approved] by Adiana Mutamsari Witaningrum, Aamir Shehzad, Mustofa Helmi Effendi, Saifur Rehman, Fedik Abdul Rantam, Muhammad Thohawi Elziyad Purnama, Muhammad Bilal, Khadija Batool

“…According to the latest research, the Indonesian H9N2 viruses may have developed through antigenic drift into a new genotype, posing a significant hazard to poultry and public health. …”
Get full text

Hypervariable Region 1 in Envelope Protein 2 of Hepatitis C Virus: A Linchpin in Neutralizing Antibody Evasion and Viral Entry by Jannick Prentoe, Jannick Prentoe, Jens Bukh, Jens Bukh

“…The N-terminal motif of envelope protein 2 (E2), termed hypervariable region 1 (HVR1), changes rapidly in immunoglobulin-competent patients due to antibody-driven antigenic drift. HVR1 contains NAb epitopes and is directly involved in protecting diverse antibody-specific epitopes on E1, E2, and E1/E2 through incompletely understood mechanisms. …”
Get full text

Drastic decline in sera neutralization against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant in Wuhan COVID-19 convalescents by Chengbao Ma, Xianying Chen, Fanghua Mei, Qing Xiong, Qianyun Liu, Lianghui Dong, Chen Liu, Wenjing Zou, Faxian Zhan, Bing Hu, Yingle Liu, Fang Liu, Li Zhou, Junqiang Xu, Yongzhong Jiang, Ke Xu, Kun Cai, Yu Chen, Huan Yan, Ke Lan

“…Our results reveal a reduced fusogenicity and a striking immune escape ability of the Omicron variant, highlighting the importance of booster shots against the challenge of the SARS-CoV-2 antigenic drift.…”
Get full text

Avian influenza (H5N1) virus, epidemiology and its effects on backyard poultry in Indonesia: a review [version 2; peer review: 2 approved] by Mustofa Helmi Effendi, Adiana Mutamsari Witaningruma, Rao Zahid Abbas, Kashif Hussain, Ugbo Emmanuel Nnabuikeb, Asghar Abbas, Saifur Rehman, Muhammad Bilal

“…This virus continues to be ubiquitous in Indonesia as a result of the unpredictable mutations produced by antigenic drift and shift, which can persist from a few days to several years. …”
Get full text