Immunogenicity of an adjuvanted broadly active influenza vaccine in immunocompromised and diverse populations by Dylan A. Hendy, Erik S. Pena, Luis Ontiveros‐Padilla, Timothy A. Dixon, Denzel D. Middleton, Grace L. Williamson, Nicole Rose Lukesh, Sean R. Simpson, Rebeca T. Stiepel, Md Jahirul Islam, Michael A. Carlock, Ted M. Ross, Eric M. Bachelder, Kristy M. Ainslie

“…Current vaccination strategies are inadequate due to antigenic drift/shift of the virus and the elicitation of low immune responses. …”
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H3N2v and other influenza epidemic risk based on age-specific estimates of sero-protection and contact network interactions. by Danuta M Skowronski, Flavia S Moser, Naveed Z Janjua, Bahman Davoudi, Krista M English, Dale Purych, Martin Petric, Babak Pourbohloul

“…With R(0) = 1.40 and SPR40, simulated ARs were well aligned with field observations for H1N1pdm09 incidence (AR: 32%), sporadic detections without a third epidemic wave post-H1N1pdm09 (negligible AR<0.1%) as well as A/Brisbane/10/2007(H3N2) seasonal strain extinction and antigenic drift replacement (negligible AR<0.1%). Simulated AR for the novel swine-origin H3N2v was 6%, highest in children 6-11years (16%). …”
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Novel Lipidated Imidazoquinoline TLR7/8 Adjuvants Elicit Influenza-Specific Th1 Immune Responses and Protect Against Heterologous H3N2 Influenza Challenge in Mice by Shannon M. Miller, Shannon M. Miller, Van Cybulski, Van Cybulski, Margaret Whitacre, Margaret Whitacre, Laura S. Bess, Laura S. Bess, Mark T. Livesay, Mark T. Livesay, Lois Walsh, Lois Walsh, David Burkhart, David Burkhart, Hélène G. Bazin, Hélène G. Bazin, Jay T. Evans, Jay T. Evans

“…As such, seasonal antigenic drift and suboptimal vaccine strain selection often results in reduced vaccine efficacy. …”
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Assessment of the immune interference effects of multivalent vaccine for influenza epidemic strain in 2022–2023 and evaluation of its efficacy by Eulhae Ga, Jung-Ah Kang, Jaehyun Hwang, Suyun Moon, Jaeseok Choi, Eunseo Bae, Hyein Seol, Yubin Mun, Daesub Song, Dae Gwin Jeong, Woonsung Na

“…Due to its RNA-type genes and segmented state, it belongs to a virus that mutates frequently with antigenic drift and shift, giving rise to various strains. …”
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Recalling the Future: Immunological Memory Toward Unpredictable Influenza Viruses by Maria Auladell, Xiaoxiao Jia, Luca Hensen, Brendon Chua, Brendon Chua, Annette Fox, Thi H. O. Nguyen, Peter C. Doherty, Peter C. Doherty, Katherine Kedzierska

“…Given that influenza viruses evolve rapidly as a consequence of antibody-driven mutational change (antigenic drift), the current influenza vaccines need to be reformulated frequently and annual vaccination is recommended. …”
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Features of Recently Transmitted HIV-1 Clade C Viruses that Impact Antibody Recognition: Implications for Active and Passive Immunization. by Cecilia Rademeyer, Bette Korber, Michael S Seaman, Elena E Giorgi, Ruwayhida Thebus, Alexander Robles, Daniel J Sheward, Kshitij Wagh, Jetta Garrity, Brittany R Carey, Hongmei Gao, Kelli M Greene, Haili Tang, Gama P Bandawe, Jinny C Marais, Thabo E Diphoko, Peter Hraber, Nancy Tumba, Penny L Moore, Glenda E Gray, James Kublin, M Juliana McElrath, Marion Vermeulen, Keren Middelkoop, Linda-Gail Bekker, Michael Hoelscher, Leonard Maboko, Joseph Makhema, Merlin L Robb, Salim Abdool Karim, Quarraisha Abdool Karim, Jerome H Kim, Beatrice H Hahn, Feng Gao, Ronald Swanstrom, Lynn Morris, David C Montefiori, Carolyn Williamson

“…Increased resistance of pre-seroconversion viruses and evidence of antigenic drift highlights the value of using panels of very recently transmitted viruses and suggests that interventions may need to be modified over time to track the changing epidemic. …”
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Sequential Immunization With Live-Attenuated Chimeric Hemagglutinin-Based Vaccines Confers Heterosubtypic Immunity Against Influenza A Viruses in a Preclinical Ferret Model by Wen-Chun Liu, Wen-Chun Liu, Raffael Nachbagauer, Daniel Stadlbauer, Alicia Solórzano, Francesco Berlanda-Scorza, Adolfo García-Sastre, Adolfo García-Sastre, Adolfo García-Sastre, Peter Palese, Peter Palese, Florian Krammer, Randy A. Albrecht, Randy A. Albrecht

“…Due to continuous antigenic drift and occasional antigenic shift, influenza viruses escape from human adaptive immunity resulting in significant morbidity and mortality in humans. …”
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Evolution of prevalent H9N2 subtype of avian influenza virus during 2019 to 2022 for the development of a control strategy in China by Jing Xia, Yong-Xin Li, Meng-Yi Dong, Zhong-Wei Guo, Yu-Wen Luo, Nian-Ling Li, Yang Zhao, Min Li, Yan Lin, Jing Xu, Min Cui, Xin-Feng Han, San-Jie Cao, Yong Huang

“…At present, consensus has been reached that field isolates of H9N2 underwent antigenic drift to evolve into distinct groups with significant antigenic divergence from the commercially available vaccines in China. …”
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Genomic characterization of equine influenza A subtype H3N8 viruses by long read sequencing and functional analyses of the PB1-F2 virulence factor of A/equine/Paris/1/2018 by Lena Kleij, Elise Bruder, Dorothée Raoux-Barbot, Nathalie Lejal, Quentin Nevers, Charlotte Deloizy, Bruno Da Costa, Loïc Legrand, Eric Barrey, Alexandre Chenal, Stéphane Pronost, Bernard Delmas, Sophie Dhorne-Pollet

“…Sequence analysis of HA revealed a subtle antigenic drift in the French EIV strains, with specific substitutions, such as T163I in A/equine/Paris/1/2018 and the N188T mutation in post-2015 strains; both substitutions were in antigenic site B. …”
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Temporal patterns of influenza A subtypes and B lineages across age in a subtropical city, during pre-pandemic, pandemic, and post-pandemic seasons by Linlin Zhou, Huiping Yang, Yu Kuang, Tianshu Li, Jianan Xu, Shuang Li, Ting Huang, Chuan Wang, Wanyi Li, Mingyuan Li, Shusen He, Ming Pan

“…Semi-annual cycles of composite influenza virus and A/H3N2 along were observed again during 2014/15–2015/16, coinciding with the emergence and predominance of A/H3N2 significant antigenic drift groups. However, A/H1N1pdm09, Victoria, and Yamagata generally demonstrated an annual winter-spring peak in non-pandemic seasons. …”
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Genetic and Antigenic Characterization of an Expanding H3 Influenza A Virus Clade in U.S. Swine Visualized by Nextstrain by Megan N. Neveau, Michael A. Zeller, Bryan S. Kaplan, Carine K. Souza, Phillip C. Gauger, Amy L. Vincent, Tavis K. Anderson

“…The major H3 C-IVA clade contained an N156H amino acid substitution, but hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assays demonstrated no significant antigenic drift. The minor HA clade was paired with the neuraminidase (NA) clade N2-2002B prior to 2016 but acquired and maintained an N2-2002A in 2016, resulting in a loss of antigenic cross-reactivity between N2-2002B- and -2002A-containing H3N2 strains. …”
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Evolutionary Dynamics of Mexican Lineage H5N2 Avian Influenza Viruses by Wanhong Xu, Roberto Navarro-López, Mario Solis-Hernandez, Francisco Liljehult-Fuentes, Miguel Molina-Montiel, María Lagunas-Ayala, Marisol Rocha-Martinez, Eduardo Ferrara-Tijera, Juan Pérez de la Rosa, Yohannes Berhane

“…The immune pressure from vaccinations most likely has played a significant role in the positive selection of antigenic drift mutants within the Mexican H5N2 AIVs. …”
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Multiple introductions of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 viruses into Bangladesh by Atanaska Marinova-Petkova, Mohammed M Feeroz, SM Rabiul Alam, M Kamrul Hasan, Sharmin Akhtar, Lisa Jones-Engel, David Walker, Laura McClenaghan, Adam Rubrum, John Franks, Patrick Seiler, Trushar Jeevan, Pamela McKenzie, Scott Krauss, Richard J Webby, Robert G Webster

“…Antigenically, clade 2.3.2.1 H5N1 viruses in Bangladesh have evolved since their introduction and are currently mainly homogenous, and show evidence of recent antigenic drift. Although reassortants containing H9N2 genes were detected in live poultry markets in Bangladesh, these reassortants failed to supplant the dominant H5N1 lineage.…”
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Molecular and Antigenic Characterization of Avian H9N2 Viruses in Southern China by Wanwan Yan, Hongrui Cui, Marc Engelsma, Nancy Beerens, Monique M. van Oers, Mart C. M. de Jong, Xuesong Li, Qinfang Liu, Jianmei Yang, Qiaoyang Teng, Zejun Li

“…New antigenic properties of subgroup III viruses were associated with 11 amino acid changes in the HA protein, suggesting antigenic drift in H9N2 viruses. Our phylogenetic and antigenic analyses of the H9N2 strains circulating in local markets in Southern China provide new insights on the antigenic diversification of H9N2 viruses. …”
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First Reported Circulation of Equine Influenza H3N8 Florida Clade 1 Virus in Horses in Italy by Ida Ricci, Silvia Tofani, Davide Lelli, Giacomo Vincifori, Francesca Rosone, Andrea Carvelli, Elena Lavinia Diaconu, Davide La Rocca, Giuseppe Manna, Samanta Sabatini, Donatella Costantini, Raffaella Conti, Giulia Pacchiarotti, Maria Teresa Scicluna

“…Like other influenza A viruses, antigenic drift or shift could lead to a vaccine-induced immunity breakdown if vaccine strains are not updated. …”
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Highly Cross-Reactive and Protective Influenza A Virus H3N2 Hemagglutinin- and Neuraminidase-Specific Human Monoclonal Antibodies by Michael Piepenbrink, Fatai Oladunni, Aitor Nogales, Ahmed M. Khalil, Theresa Fitzgerald, Madhubanti Basu, Christopher Fucile, David J. Topham, Alexander F. Rosenberg, Luis Martinez-Sobrido, James J. Kobie

“…ABSTRACT Due to antigenic drift and shift of influenza A viruses (IAV) and the tendency to elicit predominantly strain-specific antibodies, humanity remains susceptible to new strains of seasonal IAV and is at risk from viruses with pandemic potential for which limited or no immunity may exist. …”
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Active surveillance and genetic evolution of avian influenza viruses in Egypt, 2016–2018 by Ahmed Kandeil, Joseph T. Hicks, Sean G. Young, Ahmed N. El Taweel, Ahmed S. Kayed, Yassmin Moatasim, Omnia Kutkat, Ola Bagato, Pamela P. McKenzie, Zhipeng Cai, Rebecca Badra, Mohamed Kutkat, Justin Bahl, Richard J. Webby, Ghazi Kayali, Mohamed A. Ali

“…Antigenic analysis showed that H9N2 viruses are homogenous, antigenic drift was detected among H5N1 viruses. AI H5N8 showed higher replication rate followed by H9N2 and H5N1, respectively. …”
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Antigenic Variation of Clade 2.1 H5N1 Virus Is Determined by a Few Amino Acid Substitutions Immediately Adjacent to the Receptor Binding Site by Björn F. Koel, Stefan van der Vliet, David F. Burke, Theo M. Bestebroer, Eny E. Bharoto, I. Wayan W. Yasa, Inna Herliana, Brigitta M. Laksono, Kemin Xu, Eugene Skepner, Colin A. Russell, Guus F. Rimmelzwaan, Daniel R. Perez, Albert D. M. E. Osterhaus, Derek J. Smith, Teguh Y. Prajitno, Ron A. M. Fouchier

“…ABSTRACT Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses of the H5N1 subtype are genetically highly variable and have diversified into multiple phylogenetic clades over the past decade. Antigenic drift is a well-studied phenomenon for seasonal human influenza viruses, but much less is known about the antigenic evolution of HPAI H5N1 viruses that circulate in poultry. …”
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Molecular Characterization of Seasonal Influenza A and B from Hospitalized Patients in Thailand in 2018–2019 by Kobporn Boonnak, Chayasin Mansanguan, Dennis Schuerch, Usa Boonyuen, Hatairat Lerdsamran, Kultida Jiamsomboon, Fanny Sae Wang, Arun Huntrup, Jarunee Prasertsopon, Nathamon Kosoltanapiwat, Pilaipan Puthavathana

“…Influenza viruses continue to be a major public health threat due to the possible emergence of more virulent influenza virus strains resulting from dynamic changes in virus adaptability, consequent of functional mutations and antigenic drift in surface proteins, especially hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). …”
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Protein Microarray Analysis of the Specificity and Cross-Reactivity of Influenza Virus Hemagglutinin-Specific Antibodies by Rie Nakajima, Medalyn Supnet, Algis Jasinskas, Aarti Jain, Omid Taghavian, Joshua Obiero, Donald K. Milton, Wilbur H. Chen, Michael Grantham, Richard Webby, Florian Krammer, Darrick Carter, Philip L. Felgner, D. Huw Davies

“…IMPORTANCE Seasonal influenza is a serious public health problem because the viral infection spreads easily from person to person and because of antigenic drift in neutralizing epitopes. Influenza vaccination is the most effective way to prevent the disease, although challenging because of the constant evolution of influenza virus subtypes. …”
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