The spike glycoprotein genes of porcine epidemic diarrhea viruses isolated in China by Pei-Hua Wang, Ya-Qian Li, Yuan-Qing Pan, Yan-Yan Guo, Fan Guo, Rui-Zhu Shi, Li Xing

“…In addition, comparative analysis of spike proteins between GI-a prototype virulent CV777 and GII strain AJ1102 reveals that the amino acid variations could affect 20 potential linear B cell epitopes, demonstrating a dramatic antigen drift in the spike protein. These results provide a thorough view of the information about the genetic and antigenic diversity of PEDVs circulating in China and therefore could benefit the development of suitable strategies for disease control.…”
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IgA tetramerization improves target breadth but not peak potency of functionality of anti-influenza virus broadly neutralizing antibody. by Shinji Saito, Kaori Sano, Tadaki Suzuki, Akira Ainai, Yuki Taga, Tomonori Ueno, Koshiro Tabata, Kumpei Saito, Yuji Wada, Yuki Ohara, Haruko Takeyama, Takato Odagiri, Tsutomu Kageyama, Kiyoko Ogawa-Goto, Pretty Multihartina, Vivi Setiawaty, Krisna Nur Andriana Pangesti, Hideki Hasegawa

“…This phenomenon presumably represents one of the mechanisms by which SIgAs present in human respiratory mucosa prevent infection by antigen-drifted influenza viruses. Understanding the mechanisms involved in cross neutralization of viruses by SIgAs might facilitate the development of vaccine strategies against viral infection of mucosal tissues.…”
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Influenza Pandemics: Past, Present and Future by Yu-Chia Hsieh

“…Influenza A virus is well known for its capability for genetic changes either through antigen drift or antigen shift. Antigen shift is derived from reassortment of gene segments between viruses, and may result in an antigenically novel virus that is capable of causing a worldwide pandemic. …”
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Twenty-Eight Years of Poliovirus Replication in an Immunodeficient Individual: Impact on the Global Polio Eradication Initiative. by Glynis Dunn, Dimitra Klapsa, Thomas Wilton, Lindsay Stone, Philip D Minor, Javier Martin

“…Using a range of in vivo and in vitro assays we show that the viruses are very virulent, antigenically drifted and excreted at high titre suggesting that such chronic excreters pose an obvious risk to the eradication programme. …”
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Discovery of oseltamivir-based novel PROTACs as degraders targeting neuraminidase to combat H1N1 influenza virus by Zhichao Xu, Xinjin Liu, Xiaoyu Ma, Wenting Zou, Qi Chen, Feifei Chen, Xiaofei Deng, Jinsen Liang, Chune Dong, Ke Lan, Shuwen Wu, Hai-Bing Zhou

“…Moreover, the frequent mutation of influenza viruses caused by antigen drift complicates the application of antiviral therapeutics. …”
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Induction of heterosubtypic cross-protection against influenza by a whole inactivated virus vaccine: the role of viral membrane fusion activity. by Natalija Budimir, Anke Huckriede, Tjarko Meijerhof, Louis Boon, Emma Gostick, David A Price, Jan Wilschut, Aalzen de Haan

“…BACKGROUND: The inability of seasonal influenza vaccines to effectively protect against infection with antigenically drifted viruses or newly emerging pandemic viruses underlines the need for development of cross-reactive influenza vaccines that induce immunity against a variety of virus subtypes. …”
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Induction of heterosubtypic cross-protection against influenza by a whole inactivated virus vaccine: The role of viral membrane fusion activity by Budimir, N, Huckriede, A, Meijerhof, T, Boon, L, Gostick, E, Price, D, Wilschut, J, De Haan, A

“…Background The inability of seasonal influenza vaccines to effectively protect against infection with antigenically drifted viruses or newly emerging pandemic viruses underlines the need for development of cross-reactive influenza vaccines that induce immunity against a variety of virus subtypes. …”

Development of PDA Nanoparticles for H9N2 Avian Influenza BPP-V/BP-IV Epitope Peptide Vaccines: Immunogenicity and Delivery Efficiency Improvement by Yongqing Liu, Xiaoli Wang, Jiangfei Zhou, Shuaibing Shi, Tengfei Shen, Liangliang Chen, Min Zhang, Chengshui Liao, Chen Wang

“…The protection of current influenza vaccines is limited due to the viral antigenic shifts and antigenic drifts. The universal influenza vaccine is a new hotspot in vaccine research that aims to overcome these problems. …”
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Rationally Designed Influenza Virus Vaccines That Are Antigenically Stable during Growth in Eggs by Alfred T. Harding, Brook E. Heaton, Rebekah E. Dumm, Nicholas S. Heaton

“…Human vaccination with an antigenically drifted strain is known to contribute to poor vaccine efficacy. …”
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Bovine viral diarrhea virus in China: A comparative genomic and phylogenetic analysis with complete genome sequences by Pir Tariq Shah, Amina Nawal Bahoussi, Aftab Ahmad, Muhammad Sikandar, Li Xing, Li Xing, Li Xing

“…In addition, comparative analysis of E2 proteins between BVDV-1, BVDV-2, and BVDV-3 reveals that the amino acid variations could affect 12 potential linear B cell epitopes, demonstrating a dramatic antigen drift in the E2 protein. These results provide a thorough view of the information about the genetic and antigenic diversity of BVDVs circulating in China and therefore could benefit the development of suitable strategies for disease control.…”
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NS1 and PA-X of H1N1/09 influenza virus act in a concerted manner to manipulate the innate immune response of porcine respiratory epithelial cells by Robin Avanthay, Robin Avanthay, Robin Avanthay, Obdulio Garcia-Nicolas, Obdulio Garcia-Nicolas, Gert Zimmer, Gert Zimmer, Artur Summerfield, Artur Summerfield

“…In addition, LAIV are expected to trigger stronger T-cell responses that may protect against a broader range of antigen-drifted viruses. However, the development of LAIV is challenging since a proper balance between immunogenicity and safety has to be reached. …”
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Decreased serologic response in vaccinated military recruits during 2011 correspond to genetic drift in concurrent circulating pandemic A/H1N1 viruses. by Dennis J Faix, Anthony W Hawksworth, Christopher A Myers, Christian J Hansen, Ryan G Ortiguerra, Rebecca Halpin, David Wentworth, Laura A Pacha, Erica G Schwartz, Shawn M S Garcia, Angelia A Eick-Cost, Christopher D Clagett, Surender Khurana, Hana Golding, Patrick J Blair

“…We hypothesize that antigen drift in circulating pH1N1 viruses contributed to reduce vaccine effectiveness at Fort Jackson. …”
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Robust immunity to influenza vaccination in haematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients following reconstitution of humoral and adaptive immunity by Wuji Zhang, Louise C Rowntree, Ramona Muttucumaru, Timon Damelang, Malet Aban, Aeron C Hurt, Maria Auladell, Robyn Esterbauer, Bruce Wines, Mark Hogarth, Stephen J Turner, Adam K Wheatley, Stephen J Kent, Sushrut Patil, Sharon Avery, Orla Morrissey, Amy W Chung, Marios Koutsakos, Thi HO Nguyen, Allen C Cheng, Tom C Kotsimbos, Katherine Kedzierska

“…Strikingly, 40% of HSCT recipients had markedly higher antibody responses towards A/H3N2 vaccine strain than healthy controls and showed cross‐reactivity to antigenically drifted A/H3N2 strains by antibody landscape analysis. …”
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Safety, efficacy, and immunogenicity of an inactivated influenza vaccine in healthy adults: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial over two influenza seasons by Bouveret Nancy, Balser John, Keyserling Harry L, Gaglani Manjusha J, Jackson Lisa A, Fries Louis, Treanor John J

“…Vaccination is the major strategy for influenza prevention; however, because antigenically drifted influenza A and B viruses circulate annually, influenza vaccines must be updated to provide protection against the predicted prevalent strains for the next influenza season. …”
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A Population-Based Propensity Score-Matched Study to Assess the Impact of Repeated Vaccination on Vaccine Effectiveness for Influenza-Associated Hospitalization Among the Elderly by Hsu PS, Lian IB, Chao DY

“…The aim of the current study was to evaluate the effect of repeated vaccination on vaccine effectiveness (VE) among the elderly in Taiwan, during years with and without early appearance of antigenically drifted strains.Methods: A historical cohort study was conducted to evaluate the impact of repeated vaccination on the reduction of influenza-associated hospitalization among persons older than 64 years over two influenza seasons: 2007– 08, with all circulating virus strains mismatched, and 2008– 09, with all virus strains matched with the vaccine strains, considering four exposure effects, namely current vaccine effect, sequential vaccination effect, residual protection effect and no vaccination effect. …”
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Vaccination with a Recombinant H7 Hemagglutinin-Based Influenza Virus Vaccine Induces Broadly Reactive Antibodies in Humans by Daniel Stadlbauer, Arvind Rajabhathor, Fatima Amanat, Daniel Kaplan, Abusaleh Masud, John J. Treanor, Ruvim Izikson, Manon M. Cox, Raffael Nachbagauer, Florian Krammer

“…Recently, H7N9 has started to antigenically drift and split into two new lineages, the Pearl River Delta and Yangtze River Delta clades, which do not match stockpiled H7 vaccines well. …”
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