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121
Prediction of influenza vaccine effectiveness for the influenza season 2017/18 in the US [version 1; referees: 2 approved]
Published 2017-11-01“…The high evolutionary rate, antigenic shift and antigenic drift of influenza viruses, represents the main obstacle for correct prediction of the vaccine effectiveness for an upcoming flu season. …”
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122
Animal Models Utilized for the Development of Influenza Virus Vaccines
Published 2021-07-01“…However, annual effectiveness data shows that current vaccines have varying levels of protection that range between 40–60% and must be reformulated every few years to combat antigenic drift. To address these issues, novel influenza virus vaccines are currently in development. …”
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123
Strategies Targeting Hemagglutinin as a Universal Influenza Vaccine
Published 2021-03-01“…Influenza virus has significant viral diversity, both through antigenic drift and shift, which makes development of a vaccine challenging. …”
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124
The antigenic evolution of influenza: drift or thrift?
Published 2013“…It is commonly assumed that antibody responses against the influenza virus are polarized in the following manner: strong antibody responses are directed at highly variable antigenic epitopes, which consequently undergo 'antigenic drift', while weak antibody responses develop against conserved epitopes. …”
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125
An Approach for a Synthetic CTL Vaccine Design against Zika Flavivirus Using Class I and Class II Epitopes Identified by Computer Modeling
Published 2017-06-01“…This work suggests that a CTL vaccine for ZKV may be possible even if ZKV exhibits significant antigenic drift. We have previously described a microsphere-based CTL vaccine platform capable of eliciting an immune response for class I epitopes in mice and are currently working toward in vivo testing of class I and class II epitope delivery directed against ZKV epitopes using the same microsphere-based vaccine.…”
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126
Genetic characterization and whole-genome sequencing-based genetic analysis of influenza virus in Jining City during 2021–2022
Published 2023-06-01“…The analysis also identified amino acid site variations in the antigenic epitopes, contributing to antigenic drift.…”
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127
Surveillance of genetic drift in Influenza A virus with base-specific cleavage and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry
Published 2013“…This approach has great potential in the surveillance of global spread and emergence of novel viral genotypes especially from antigenic drift.In this project, the approach is evaluated using Influenza A/WSN/1933 and A/PR/8/1934 viral strains. …”
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128
Developing Universal Influenza Vaccines: Hitting the Nail, Not Just on the Head
Published 2015-03-01“…Current influenza vaccines need to be updated annually and protect poorly against antigenic drift variants or novel emerging subtypes. Vaccination against influenza can be improved in two important ways, either by inducing more broadly protective immune responses or by decreasing the time of vaccine production, which is relevant especially during a pandemic outbreak. …”
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129
Targeting the Host Response: Can We Manipulate Extracellular Matrix Metalloproteinase Activity to Improve Influenza Virus Infection Outcomes?
Published 2021-07-01“…While these measures have shown varying degrees of success, antiviral therapies and vaccination are constrained due to ongoing antigenic drift. Moreover, clinical approaches can also be associated with complications and drawbacks. …”
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130
Network analysis of global influenza spread.
Published 2010-11-01“…Although vaccines pose the best means of preventing influenza infection, strain selection and optimal implementation remain difficult due to antigenic drift and a lack of understanding global spread. …”
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131
Structural Biology of Influenza Hemagglutinin: An Amaranthine Adventure
Published 2020-09-01“…Hemagglutinin (HA) glycoprotein is an important focus of influenza research due to its role in antigenic drift and shift, as well as its receptor binding and membrane fusion functions, which are indispensable for viral entry. …”
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132
Analysis of adaptation mutants in the hemagglutinin of the influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus.
Published 2013-01-01“…Our results show some of the different strategies that the influenza virus uses to adapt to the human host and provide an example of how selective pressure drives antigenic drift in viral proteins.…”
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133
The antigenic evolution of influenza: drift or thrift?
Published 2013“…It is commonly assumed that antibody responses against the influenza virus are polarized in the following manner: strong antibody responses are directed at highly variable antigenic epitopes, which consequently undergo 'antigenic drift', while weak antibody responses develop against conserved epitopes. …”
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134
Influenza drift and epidemic size: the race between generating and escaping immunity.
Published 2004“…In particular, for diseases with antigenic drift, vaccination may be doubly beneficial. …”
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135
The predicted antigenicity of the haemagglutinin of the 1918 Spanish influenza pandemic suggests an avian origin.
Published 2001“…Based on the sequence of the haemagglutinin of the 1918 Spanish influenza, we can now specify the extent of divergence of antigenic sites of the haemagglutinin during the antigenic drift of the virus between 1918 and 1934. This divergence was much more extensive (40%) than the divergence (20%) in predicted antigenic sites between the 1918 Spanish influenza and an avian H1 subtype consensus sequence. …”
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136
Development Of Multiplex Real-Time Reverse Transcription Pcr (qRT-PCR) Assay For Detection And Subtyping Of Avian Influenza Virus
Published 2020“…The genome of avian strain of influenza A virus (AIV) exhibits high mutation rate by means of antigenic drift and shift, leading to the emergence of historic pandemics and epidemics. …”
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137
2019–2020 H1N1 clade A5a.1 viruses have better in vitro fitness compared with the co-circulating A5a.2 clade
Published 2023-06-01“…While several studies indicated that A5a.2 showed similar or even increased antigenic drift compared with A5a.1, the A5a.1 clade was still the predominant circulating clade that season. …”
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138
Mapping the antigenicity of the parasites in Leishmania donovani infection by proteome serology.
Published 2006-01-01“…Although some antigens are shared among different parasite isolates, there are extensive differences and no immunodominant antigens, but indications of antigenic drift in the parasites. Six antigens were identified by mass spectrometry. …”
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139
B Cell Responses against Influenza Viruses: Short-Lived Humoral Immunity against a Life-Long Threat
Published 2021-05-01“…However, protective humoral immunity against influenza viruses is limited by the antigenic drift and shift of the major surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin and neuraminidase. …”
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140
Evolution of H5N1 Avian Influenza Viruses in Asia
Published 2005-10-01“…Some 2005 isolates showed evidence of antigenic drift. An updated nonpathogenic H5N1 reference virus, lacking the polybasic cleavage site in the hemagglutinin gene, was produced by reverse genetics in anticipation of the possible need to vaccinate humans.…”
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