Manipulation of costimulatory molecules by intracellular pathogens: veni, vidi, vici!! by Nargis Khan, Uthaman Gowthaman, Susanta Pahari, Javed N Agrewala

“…These pathogens have developed innovative strategies to evade immune responses such as antigenic shift and drift, interference with antigen processing/presentation, subversion of phagocytosis, induction of immune regulatory pathways, and manipulation of the costimulatory molecules. …”
Get full text

Revolutions In Antibodies Against Influenza Virus by Denise A Kaminski, F. Eun-Hyung eLee

“…These vaccines furthermore provide little-to-no immunity against antigenic-shift strains, which arise from complete replacement of HA or of neuraminidase genes, and pose pandemic risks. …”
Get full text

Whole genome sequencing to investigate the emergence of clonal complex 23 Neisseria meningitidis serogroup Y disease in the United States. by Mary G Krauland, Julie C Dunning Hotopp, David R Riley, Sean C Daugherty, Jane W Marsh, Nancy E Messonnier, Leonard W Mayer, Hervé Tettelin, Lee H Harrison

“…This increase was accompanied by antigenic shift of three outer membrane proteins, with a decrease in the population that predominated in the early 1990s as a different population emerged later in that decade. …”
Get full text

Development of Universal Influenza Vaccines Targeting Conserved Viral Proteins by Seyed Davoud Jazayeri, Chit Laa Poh

“…Existing seasonal influenza vaccines mostly induce antibody responses to the surface proteins of influenza viruses, which frequently change due to antigenic shift and or drift, thus allowing influenza viruses to avoid neutralizing antibodies. …”
Get full text

End-to-end antigenic variant generation for H1N1 influenza HA protein using sequence to sequence models. by Mohamed Elsayed Abbas, Zhu Chengzhang, Ahmed Fathalla, Yalong Xiao

“…However, the antigenic pair of influenza virus A can be determined in a laboratory setup, the process needs a tremendous amount of time and labor. Antigenic shift and drift which are caused by changes in surface protein favored the influenza A virus in evading immunity. …”
Get full text

Influenza and Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity by Tarra A. Von Holle, M. Anthony Moody, M. Anthony Moody, M. Anthony Moody

“…An error prone replication mechanism results in antigenic drift and viral escape from immune pressure, and recombination results in antigenic shift that can rapidly move through populations that lack immunity to newly emergent strains. …”
Get full text

Universal influenza vaccines: from viruses to nanoparticles by Ye Wang, Lei Deng, Sang-Moo Kang, Bao-Zhong Wang

“…Introduction: The current seasonal influenza vaccine confers only limited protection due to waning antibodies or the antigenic shift and drift of major influenza surface antigens. …”
Get full text

Vaccine approaches conferring cross-protection against influenza viruses by Sai V Vemula, Ekramy E Sayedahmed, Suryaprakash Sambhara, Suresh K Mittal

“…Moreover, due to the high variability of viral surface proteins because of antigenic drift or antigenic shift, many of the currently licensed vaccines confer little or no protection against drift or shift variants. …”
Get full text

Intravenous pathogenicity of influenza virus A/H5N1/2014 isolated from pig in Ogbomoso, Nigeria by E. Kolawole Oladipo, J. Kola Oloke, J. Adekunle Adeniji

“…Understanding the pathogenicity of avian influenza viruses in poultry is an important scientific and public health challenge because of antigenic shift/drift and a source of novel, potentially human-pathogenic strains. …”
Get full text

Serious acute respiratory syndrome: a case series in a municipality region of central Brazil by Cácia Régia  de Paula, Eliane Lemes  de Morais, Patrícia de Sá  Barros, Ludmila Grego  Maia, Bruno Bordin  Pelazza, Guilherme Silva Mendonca, Marcos Lazaro  Moreli

“…The influenza B virus is more stable than influenza A, with less antigenic drift and consequent immunologic stability, and does not undergo the process of antigenic shift, its participation in epidemics is minimal, being of lesser academic interest. …”
Get full text

Mutation in Hemagglutinin Antigenic Sites in Influenza A pH1N1 Viruses from 2015–2019 in the United States Mountain West, Europe, and the Northern Hemisphere by Craig H. Decker, Naomi Rapier-Sharman, Brett E. Pickett

“…H1N1 influenza A virus is a respiratory pathogen that undergoes antigenic shift and antigenic drift to improve viral fitness. …”
Get full text

Serious acute respiratory syndrome: a case series in a municipality region of central Brazil by Cácia Régia de Paula, Eliane Lemes de Morais, Patrícia de Sá Barros, Ludmila Grego Maia, Bruno Bordin Pelazza, Guilherme Silva Mendonca, Marcos Lazaro Moreli

“… The influenza B virus is more stable than influenza A, with less antigenic drift and consequent immunologic stability, and does not undergo the process of antigenic shift, its participation in epidemics is minimal, being of lesser academic interest. …”
Get full text

Overview of Current Therapeutics and Novel Candidates Against Influenza, Respiratory Syncytial Virus, and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infections by Mohammad Amin Behzadi, Victor H. Leyva-Grado

“…Influenza viruses have been affecting the human population for a long time now; however, their ability to rapidly evolve through antigenic drift and antigenic shift causes the emergence of new strains. A recent example of these events is the avian-origin H7N9 influenza virus outbreak currently undergoing in China. …”
Get full text

The beginning and ending of a respiratory viral pandemic‐lessons from the Spanish flu by Harald Brüssow

“…H1N1 viruses were then replaced by the pandemic H2N2 influenza virus from 1957, which was in 1968 replaced by the pandemic H3N2 influenza virus; both viruses were descendants from the Spanish flu agent but showed the exchange of entire gene segments (‘antigenic shift’). In 1977, H1N1 reappeared from an unknown source but caused only mild disease. …”
Get full text

Enhancing neutralizing activity against influenza H1N1/PR8 by engineering a single-domain VL-M2 specific into a bivalent form. by Phuong Thi Hoang, Quynh Xuan Thi Luong, Seungchan Cho, Yongjun Lee, Kyungho Na, Ramadhani Qurrota Ayun, Thuy Thi Bich Vo, Taehyun Kim, Sukchan Lee

“…Influenza infections are most effectively prevented through vaccination, but it requires annual reformulation due to the antigenic shift or drift of hemagglutinin and neuraminidase proteins. …”
Get full text

Towards a sane and rational approach to management of Influenza H1N1 2009 by Gallaher William R

“…Such a degree of change qualifies as an "antigenic shift", even while the virus remains in the H1N1 family of influenza viruses, and may give influenza H1N1 2009 significant pandemic potential. …”
Get full text

sitePath: a visual tool to identify polymorphism clades and help find fixed and parallel mutations by Chengyang Ji, Na Han, Yexiao Cheng, Jingzhe Shang, Shenghui Weng, Rong Yang, Hang-Yu Zhou, Aiping Wu

“…In an example with the influenza A virus H3N2 dataset, the detected fixed mutations coincide with antigenic shift mutations. The highly specificity and sensitivity of sitePath in finding fixed mutations were achieved for a range of parameters and different phylogenetic tree inference software. …”
Get full text

Gene conversion-like events in the diversification of human rearranged IGHV3-23*01 gene sequences by Bhargavi eDuvvuri, Gillian E Wu

“…The extensive changes in antibody affinity by GCV-like events, as identified in this study would be instrumental in protecting humans against pathogens that diversify their genome by antigenic shift.…”
Get full text

Development of an adjuvanted nanoparticle vaccine against influenza virus, an in vitro study. by Kamonthip Rungrojcharoenkit, Panya Sunintaboon, Damon Ellison, Louis Macareo, Panuwat Midoeng, Preamrudee Chaisuwirat, Stefan Fernandez, Sukathida Ubol

“…Despite yearly updates, the efficacy of influenza vaccines is significantly curtailed by the virus antigenic drift and antigenic shift. These constant changes to the influenza virus make-up also challenge the development of a universal flu vaccine, which requires conserved antigenic regions shared by influenza viruses of different subtypes. …”
Get full text

Isolation of a novel swine influenza virus from Oklahoma in 2011 which is distantly related to human influenza C viruses. by Ben M Hause, Mariette Ducatez, Emily A Collin, Zhiguang Ran, Runxia Liu, Zizhang Sheng, Anibal Armien, Bryan Kaplan, Suvobrata Chakravarty, Adam D Hoppe, Richard J Webby, Randy R Simonson, Feng Li

“…The presence of multiple subtypes of co-circulating influenza C viruses raises the possibility of reassortment and antigenic shift as mechanisms of influenza C virus evolution.…”
Get full text