Analisis Dinamika Genetik Receptor Binding Site Hemaglutinin Virus Avian Influenza H5N1 Isolat Bali by , R.Aj. SRI WULANDARI,dr, , Prof. drh. Widya Asmara, SU, PhD

“…Hemagglutinin of the avian influenza virus H5N1 evolves rapidly through antigenic shift and antigenic drift. Strains with mutated hemagglutinin may emerge, potentially changing the receptor binding preference from avian to human-type and causing pandemic. …”

Construction and cloning of synthetic M2e-NP gene from asian influenza a viruses by Seng, Teh Yew

“…Conventional influenza vaccines are mainly targeting two surface glycoproteins namely hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) that undergo antigenic drift and antigenic shift continuously. This poses extraordinary challenges to the virologist for strain identification and effective vaccine preparation during a pandemic. …”
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Conserved HA-peptide NG34 formulated in pCMV-CTLA4-Ig reduces viral shedding in pigs after a heterosubtypic influenza virus SwH3N2 challenge. by Marta Sisteré-Oró, Júlia Vergara-Alert, Thomas Stratmann, Sergi López-Serrano, Sonia Pina-Pedrero, Lorena Córdoba, Mónica Pérez-Maillo, Patrícia Pleguezuelos, Enric Vidal, Veljko Veljkovic, Joaquim Segalés, Jens Nielsen, Anders Fomsgaard, Ayub Darji

“…Current human vaccines against influenza induce strain-specific immunity and annual update is required due to the virus antigenic shift phenomena. Previously, our group has reported the use of conserved hemagglutinin peptides (HA-peptides) derived from H1-influenza virus as a potential multivalent vaccine candidate. …”
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Porcine Parvovirus 7: Evolutionary Dynamics and Identification of Epitopes toward Vaccine Design by Dongliang Wang, Jinhui Mai, Yi Yang, Naidong Wang

“…The antigenic profiles of PPV7 Cap were revealed and there were indications that PPV7 used antigenic shift to escape from the host’s immune surveillance. …”
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Highly pathogenic avian influenza in the world: vaccination strategies (review) by O. I. Zakharova, O. A. Burova, N. N. Toropova, I. V. Iashin, A. A. Blokhin

“…Reassortment and antigenic shift in the genome of the avian influenza virus draw to a change in its properties: host range, virulence, and other factors. …”
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Current and Novel Approaches in Influenza Management by Erasmus Kotey, Deimante Lukosaityte, Osbourne Quaye, William Ampofo, Gordon Awandare, Munir Iqbal

“…However, conventional vaccines are only effective for a short period of time due to the propensity of influenza viruses to undergo antigenic drift and antigenic shift. The efficacy of these vaccines is uncertain from year-to-year due to potential mismatch between the circulating viruses and vaccine strains, and mutations arising due to egg adaptation. …”
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Development of viral vectors for passive immunisation against influenza by Tan, TK

“…Pandemic influenza can arise through antigenic shift, or when novel influenza strains escape from animal reservoirs, and can affect a large geographical area leading to a large number of deaths. …”

Phylogenetic Analyses Suggest that Factors Other Than the Capsid Protein Play a Role in the Epidemic Potential of GII.2 Norovirus by Kentaro Tohma, Cara J. Lepore, Lauren A. Ford-Siltz, Gabriel I. Parra

“…Thus, besides recombination or antigenic shift, point mutations in nonstructural proteins could also lead to novel properties with epidemic potential in different norovirus genotypes. …”
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The Chinese Hamster Ovary Cell-Based H9 HA Subunit Avian Influenza Vaccine Provides Complete Protection against the H9N2 Virus Challenge in Chickens by Shunfan Zhu, Zhenyu Nie, Ying Che, Jianhong Shu, Sufang Wu, Yulong He, Youqiang Wu, Hong Qian, Huapeng Feng, Qiang Zhang

“…However, due to the prompt antigenic drift and antigenic shift of influenza viruses, outbreaks of H9N2 viruses still continuously occur, so surveillance and vaccine updates for H9N2 subtype avian influenza viruses are particularly important. (2) Methods: In this study, we constructed a stable Chinese hamster ovary cell line (CHO) to express the H9 hemagglutinin (HA) protein of the major prevalent H9N2 strain A/chicken/Daye/DY0602/2017 with genetic engineering technology, and then a subunit H9 avian influenza vaccine was prepared using the purified HA protein with a water-in-oil adjuvant. (3) Results: The results showed that the HI antibodies significantly increased after vaccination with the H9 subunit vaccine in specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chickens with a dose–dependent potency of the immunized HA protein, and the 50 μg or more per dose HA protein could provide complete protection against the H9N2 virus challenge. (4) Conclusions: These results indicate that the CHO expression system could be a platform used to develop the subunit vaccine against H9 influenza viruses in chickens.…”
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Detection of Known and Novel Viral Pathogens in Belgian <em>Ixodes ricinus</em> Ticks by Bert Vanmechelen, Michelle Merino, Valentijn Vergote, Lies Laenen, Ana Rita Lopes, Edwin Claerebout, Piet Maes

“…All genome segments of this new strain are highly similar to those of previously published Eyach virus genomes, except for the fourth segment, encoding VP4, which is markedly more dissimilar, potentially indicating the occurrence of an antigenic shift. Further PCR-based screening of over 200 tick pools for 11 selected viruses showed that most viruses could be found in all six sampling sites, indicating the wide spread of these viruses throughout the Belgian tick population. …”
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A comparative study of spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 and its variant Omicron (B.1.1.529) on some immune characteristics by Ximeng Li, Wenjing Li, Zhuangzhuang Liu, Yuan Kang, Xiaoyu Zhang, Zhenlu Xu, Yuan Gao, Yun Qi

“…We compared some immune characteristics of trimer S-proteins for wild type (WT-S) and B.1.1.529 Omicron (Omicron-S) to investigate whether the mutations have affected its pathogenicity and antigenic shift. The results indicated that WT-S and Omicron-S directly activated nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and induced the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines in macrophages, but the actions of Omicron-S were weaker. …”
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Identification of cellular microRNA miR-188-3p with broad-spectrum anti-influenza A virus activity by Huan Cui, Chunmao Zhang, Zongzheng Zhao, Cheng Zhang, Yingying Fu, Jiaming Li, Guanxi Chen, Mengxi Lai, Zhixiang Li, Shishan Dong, Ligong Chen, Zhaoyang Li, Chengyu Wang, Juxiang Liu, Yuwei Gao, Zhendong Guo

“…The current prophylaxis and therapeutic interventions for IAV requires frequent changes due to the continuous antigenic drift and antigenic shift of IAV. Emerging evidence indicates that the host microRNAs (miRNAs) play critical roles in intricate host-pathogen interaction networks. …”
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Clinical and molecular epidemiology of influenza viruses from Romanian patients hospitalized during the 2019/20 season by Victor Daniel Miron, Leontina Bănică, Oana Săndulescu, Simona Paraschiv, Marius Surleac, Dragoș Florea, Ovidiu Vlaicu, Petre Milu, Anca Streinu-Cercel, Anuta Bilașco, Dan Oțelea, Daniela Pițigoi, Adrian Streinu-Cercel, Anca Cristina Drăgănescu

“…Two main mechanisms contribute to the continuous evolution of influenza viruses: accumulation of mutations in the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes (antigenic drift) and genetic re-assortments (antigenic shift). Epidemiological surveillance is important in identifying new genetic variants of influenza viruses with potentially increased pathogenicity and transmissibility. …”
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Characterization of Immune Response towards Generation of Universal Anti-HA-Stalk Antibodies after Immunization of Broiler Hens with Triple H5N1/NA-HA-M1 VLPs by Beata Gromadzka, Milena Chraniuk, Lilit Hovhannisyan, Karolina Uranowska, Bogusław Szewczyk, Magdalena Narajczyk, Mirosława Panasiuk

“…(1) Background: Avian influenza viruses (AIVs) promptly evade preexisting immunity by constantly altering the immunodominant neutralizing antibody epitopes (antigenic drift) or by procuring new envelope serotypes (antigenic shift). As a consequence, the majority of antibodies elicited by infection or vaccination protect only against closely related strains. …”
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Clinical and molecular epidemiology of influenza viruses from Romanian patients hospitalized during the 2019/20 season. by Victor Daniel Miron, Leontina Bănică, Oana Săndulescu, Simona Paraschiv, Marius Surleac, Dragoș Florea, Ovidiu Vlaicu, Petre Milu, Anca Streinu-Cercel, Anuta Bilașco, Dan Oțelea, Daniela Pițigoi, Adrian Streinu-Cercel, Anca Cristina Drăgănescu

“…Two main mechanisms contribute to the continuous evolution of influenza viruses: accumulation of mutations in the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes (antigenic drift) and genetic re-assortments (antigenic shift). Epidemiological surveillance is important in identifying new genetic variants of influenza viruses with potentially increased pathogenicity and transmissibility. …”
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Avian Influenza in Wild Birds and Poultry: Dissemination Pathways, Monitoring Methods, and Virus Ecology by Artem Blagodatski, Kseniya Trutneva, Olga Glazova, Olga Mityaeva, Liudmila Shevkova, Evgenii Kegeles, Nikita Onyanov, Kseniia Fede, Anna Maznina, Elena Khavina, Seon-Ju Yeo, Hyun Park, Pavel Volchkov

“…Migratory birds, especially waterfowl, are a natural reservoir of the avian influenza virus; they carry and exchange different virus strains along their migration routes, leading to antigenic drift and antigenic shift, which results in the emergence of novel HPAI viruses. …”
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Repositioning Drugs on Human Influenza A Viruses Based on a Novel Nuclear Norm Minimization Method by Hang Liang, Li Zhang, Lina Wang, Man Gao, Xiangfeng Meng, Mengyao Li, Junhui Liu, Wei Li, Fanzheng Meng

“…There have been several big influenza pandemics that have caused millions of human deaths in history, and the threat of influenza viruses to public health is still serious nowadays due to the frequent antigenic drift and antigenic shift events. However, only few effective anti-flu drugs have been developed to date. …”
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An Orf-Virus (ORFV)-Based Vector Expressing a Consensus H1 Hemagglutinin Provides Protection against Diverse Swine Influenza Viruses by Gabriela Mansano do Nascimento, Dina Bugybayeva, Veerupaxagouda Patil, Jennifer Schrock, Ganesh Yadagiri, Gourapura J. Renukaradhya, Diego G. Diel

“…Antigenic drift and antigenic shift lead to a substantial antigenic diversity in circulating IAV-S strains. …”
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Previous exposure to Spike-providing parental strains confers neutralizing immunity to XBB lineage and other SARS-CoV-2 recombinants in the context of vaccination by Rahul K. Suryawanshi, Taha Y. Taha, Maria McCavitt-Malvido, Ines Silva, Mir M. Khalid, Abdullah M. Syed, Irene P. Chen, Prachi Saldhi, Bharath Sreekumar, Mauricio Montano, Kafaya Foresythe, Takako Tabata, G. Renuka Kumar, Alicia Sotomayor-Gonzalez, Venice Servellita, Amelia Gliwa, Jenny Nguyen, Noah Kojima, Teresa Arellanor, Aallyah Bussanich, Victoria Hess, Maria Shacreaw, Lauren Lopez, Matthew Brobeck, Fred Turner, Yuzhu Wang, Sydney Ghazarian, Gregg Davis, Diviana Rodriguez, Jennifer Doudna, Lee Spraggon, Charles Y. Chiu, Melanie Ott

“…ABSTRACTThe emergence of SARS-CoV-2 recombinants is of particular concern as they can result in a sudden increase in immune evasion due to antigenic shift. Recent recombinants XBB and XBB.1.5 have higher transmissibility than previous recombinants such as “Deltacron.” …”
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Sequential Immunization With Live-Attenuated Chimeric Hemagglutinin-Based Vaccines Confers Heterosubtypic Immunity Against Influenza A Viruses in a Preclinical Ferret Model by Wen-Chun Liu, Wen-Chun Liu, Raffael Nachbagauer, Daniel Stadlbauer, Alicia Solórzano, Francesco Berlanda-Scorza, Adolfo García-Sastre, Adolfo García-Sastre, Adolfo García-Sastre, Peter Palese, Peter Palese, Florian Krammer, Randy A. Albrecht, Randy A. Albrecht

“…Due to continuous antigenic drift and occasional antigenic shift, influenza viruses escape from human adaptive immunity resulting in significant morbidity and mortality in humans. …”
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