La posición del licenciado Juan de Liaño en la controversia renacentista sobre las fuentes de autoridad del saber médico by Lucía Sanz Gómez

“…It is a pharmacological dialogue focused on the theriac in which the interlocutors address the critical analysis of the common practices of Castilian apothecaries as well as the exam of several ancient, medieval and Renaissance sources. …”
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« En grande cure et diligence » by Franck Collard

“…Charles VII’s doctors in medicine, surgeons, apothecaries need to be studied again by researches in dispatched sources in order to understand how worked the « medical system » of the french court in the middle of the 15th century. …”
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La più santa, la più gloriosa, la più bella cosa che sia al mondo : notes sur le discours parodique sur la pelade au XVIe siècle by Chiara Lastraioli

“…Likewise, as an incurable condition, it allowed to renew the comic repertoire which already flaunted a long and notorious tradition in satiric attacks on doctors and apothecaries. It was therefore the same for patients, courtesans and physicians alike in comic literature: they were all the butts of fierce and no less uproarious mockery.…”
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Digital Tools for Prevention and Treatment of Depression: Lessons from the Institute for International Internet Interventions for Health by Ricardo F. Muñoz, Blanca S. Pineda, Alinne Z. Barrera, Eduardo Bunge, Yan Leykin

“…We recommend the creation of digital apothecaries to increase access to in-person interventions by 1) training more providers, and 2) developing tools providers can use to enhance the effectiveness of these interventions, and to provide access to self-help interventions that can be used directly by anyone with 3) either guides or coaches to reduce dropout, or 4) as fully automated interventions.…”
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Efficacy of evidence-based medicine training for primary healthcare professionals: a non-randomized controlled trial by Jiaojiao Fei, Yanhua Li, Weifei Gao, Junwei Li

“…Stratified analyses showed that the results were consistent regardless of the participants’ gender, professional role (doctors & apothecaries or nurses), rank (junior or senior doctors & apothecaries), or specialty (Traditional Chinese or Western Medicine). …”
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Print and the Medical Marketplace in the Early Modern Dutch Republic by Jeroen Salman

“…To achieve this, regular (physicians, surgeons, and apothecaries) and irregular (stonecutters, oculists, empirics, "quacks" etc.) practitioners used a range of printed media, varying from newspaper advertisements, leaflets, and bills to pamphlets and books. …”
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A short history of anti-rheumatic therapy. II. Aspirin by P. Marson, G. Pasero

“…In the XIX century many apothecaries and chemists, including the Italian Raffaele Piria and Cesare Bertagnini, developed the biological processes of extraction and chemical synthesis of salicylates, and then analyzed their therapeutic properties and pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics. …”
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GROUNDED THEORY STUDY OF LEADERSHIP: A CASE STUDY OF U-THAI PRASIT CORPORATION, PRACHIN BURI PROVINCE by Tikhamporn Punluekdej

“…The in-depth interview was conducted on the two major informants, interviews with two apothecaries, two drug dispensers and twenty customers, focus-group study with those concerned individuals about the knowledge on medicine and Thai herbs of Mor Luk In, and participative and non-participative observation were also undertaken.…”
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‘Great ease and simplicity of action’: Dr Nelson’s Inhaler and the origins of modern inhalation therapy by Barry Murnane, Darragh Murnane, Mark Sanders, Noel Snell

“…This article will look at what connects physicians, apothecaries, and patients in the era: the medicines and technologies that were prescribed, made, bought, and which caused wellness, side-effects, and even death. …”
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Mercury: the beginnings in the medicalization of common names of medicinal plants in Brazil by Bruno Vilson Leal Siqueira, Cássia Mônica Sakuragui, Bruno Eleres Soares, Danilo Ribeiro de Oliveira

“…This is probably due to the ancient use of mercury in several medical systems through human history, including by Brazilian apothecaries since the seventeenth century. Moreover, Mercurochrome was the name of a Brazilian trademark of antiseptic that probably influenced the use of medicalized names of mercury in the past. …”
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Effect of Using Tramadol on Shoulder Dislocation by Alireza Ghassemi Toussi

“…Regarding the arbitrary use of tramadol in Iran, especially through the non-scientific prescriptions by apothecaries in some cases such as early ejaculation treatment, attention to patient records along with the cause of referral is essential.…”
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Gregorio de los Ríos at the Casa del Campo by Catherine Chomarat-Ruiz

“…Dedicated to landlords and not to erudite, renowned botanists or apothecaries, the Agricultura de jardines is written in Castilian. …”
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LAS BOTICAS EN EL NUEVO REINO DE GRANADA A FINALES DEL PERÍODO COLONIAL: EL LENTO CAMINO HACIA LA MODERNIDAD by Roger Pita Pico

“…The control exercised by the pharmacies allowed to discover a number of irregularities in the titles of the apothecaries and licensing, all as a result of institutional weaknesses and gaps in the standard.…”
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Head Physician of the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria Andrew Krupinski: His Professional Activity and Published by Tsiborovska-Rymarovych Iryna

“…Krupinski founded in Lviv «Collegium Medicum», the medical school which trained to be physicians, surgeons, obstetricians and apothecaries. The book-science characteristic his works’ copies, their decoration by A. …”
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Chernoviz e os manuais de medicina popular no Império Chernoviz and popular medical manuals in the days of the Empire by Maria Regina Cotrim Guimarães

“…The works thus contributed to the academic instruction of countless lay practitioners: slave owners, curandeiros, apothecaries, and a variety of other people that the doctors called "charlatans." …”
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Women health providers: materials on cures, remedies and sexuality in inquisitorial processes (15th–18th century) by Blanca Espina-Jerez, Blanca Espina-Jerez, José Siles-González, M. Carmen Solano-Ruiz, Sagrario Gómez-Cantarino, Sagrario Gómez-Cantarino

“…They shared their professional activity with their main denouncers, doctors, apothecaries and priests. They were usually women in socially vulnerable situations, who did not conform to social stereotypes.ConclusionsThey were predecessors of today’s nursing, they overcame socio-cultural difficulties, although they were condemned for it. …”
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Visualizing and measuring gold leaf in fourteenth- and fifteenth-century Italian gold ground paintings using scanning macro X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy: a new tool for advancin... by Douglas MacLennan, Laura Llewellyn, John K. Delaney, Kathryn A. Dooley, Catherine Schmidt Patterson, Yvonne Szafran, Karen Trentelman

“…The resulting leaf measurements are discussed in the context of historical guild regulations, in particular, the 1403 reforms to the statutes of the Florentine Guild of Doctors and Apothecaries (Arte dei medici e speziale), which standardized the dimensions of gold leaf produced in Florence. …”
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"Unicorn horn" drugs in the medical and pharmaceutical culture of Europe by mateusz dąsal, Aleksander Smakosz, Wiktoria Kurzyna, Michał Rudko

“…The name of the “unicorn horn” was given to twenty different raw materials, usually of animal origin, classified into two groups by apothecaries – the real alicorn (unicornum verum) and its equivalents (unicornum falsum). …”
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Poison hemlock (Conium maculatum L.) in Ancient Medicine and Roman Law by Dagmara Skrzywanek-Jaworska, Konrad Tadajczyk

“…Prescriptions containing Conium maculatum were prescribed by the most famous ancient physicians, apothecaries and botanists, such as Hipppocrates of Kos, the precursor of modern pharmacology Pedanius Dioscorides and Claudius Galen, but also Aulus Cornelius Celsus, Areteus of Cappadocia, Marcellus Empiricus among others. …”
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Doctor’s identity in modern Western society by KIM Ock-Joo

“…Two centuries ago doctors perceived themselves quite differently as they do today Doctor’s identity in modern Western society shaped from the modernization of medicine starting in the nineteenth century Modern medicine as practiced today was established from 1800 to the World War I In the eighteenth century three medical groups (physicians surgeons and apothecaries) struggled to elevate their position and to organize their education Surgery and surgical education in hospitals developed greatly while physicians tried to theorize their own medical system in the eighteenth century In the early nineteenth century hospital medicine emerged hospitals moved from the place for the poor and the social inadequate to the center of medical education and research Especially French hospitals became the birth places of clinico-pathology new diagnosis with stethoscope careful observation and the numerical method The influence of the hospital medicine spread from France to England America and other parts of Europe　After the birth of clinic in France laboratory medicine emerged in Germany France Britain and the United States Surpassing other nations Germany developed university-centered laboratory research system Most of all the reward and status of the laboratory researchers were established so that they could concentrate on their research Although other countries were influenced by German system and knowledge they did not develop research system at the same degree as Germany Rise of scientific medicine transformed self-perception of doctors Science made a great impact not only on the doctors’ practice of medicine but also on the public’s perception of medicine and doctors In the late nineteenth century new discoveries and new armament of scientific medicine marched through antiseptic surgery tropical medicine new laboratories antitoxin therapies from immunology the rise of pharmaceutical industry and the discovery of X-ray Payment system also was changed with the rise of national health insurance system in Europe　Finally the advancement of scientific medicine in the late nineteenth century brought changes in medical education specialization and doctor-patient relationship One of the important changes in doctor-patient relationship occurred between female patients and male obstetrician In the mid-eighteenth century childbearing as expressed in the term “brought to bed　” was women’s business Midwives and women relatives took care of laboring women As scientific medicine arose male doctors began to enter the laboring room previously forbidden area to men As Leavitt showed women began to go to the hospital not passively but rather actively willing to give birth surrounded by impersonal environment and strangers The emergence of the modern medical education was related to the sociological development of the medical profession The complex process of the maturation of American medical education occurred over a century and a half and involved interests and ideals of different groups Back to the mid-nineteenth century several important factors constituted the infrastructure for the development of modern medical education a revolution in experimental medicine in Europe the emergence of an academic elite who had studied laboratory medicine in Germany the emergence of the modern university in America the development of the school system for public education the beginning of some rich industrialists’ philanthropy The medical education reform movement was accomplished not only by a few elites but also by the public and policy makers Science in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries contributed to elevate the social statue of the profession by changing public images of physicians As a result the public and the state supported the solidification of modern medical education that led to the professionalization of doctors By the end of the Second World War doctors identified themselves as a highly-professionalized powerful and relatively autonomous group in Western society…”
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