Crisis of Roman Republic and political action in Cicero’s Philippics by Gilson Charles dos Santos

“…<p>Based on political and rhetorical concepts of Cicero in the <em>Philippics </em>that characterize Mark Anthony and the crisis generated after the assassination of Julius Caesar, this article intends to offer alternatives of understanding the basic elements of the process that we could precariously call “transition” from the Roman republic to the Principate.…”
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Extreme climate after massive eruption of Alaska’s Okmok volcano in 43 BCE and its effects on the late Roman Republic and Ptolemaic Kingdom by McConnell, JR, Sigl, M, Plunkett, G, Burke, A, Kim, WM, Raible, C, Wilson, AI, Manning, JG, Ludlow, FM, Chellman, NJ, Innes, HM, Yang, Z, Larsen, JF, Schaefer, JR, Kipfstuhl, S, Mojtabavi, S, Wilhelms, F, Opel, T, Meyer, H, Steffensen, JP

“…The assassination of Julius Caesar in 44 BCE triggered a power struggle that ultimately ended the Roman Republic and, eventually, the Ptolemaic Kingdom, leading to the rise of the Roman Empire. …”