Calculated and measured radiation dose for the low energy xoft axxent eBT X-ray source by Sümeyra Can, Özge Atilla, Didem Karaçetin

“…In addition, the absorbed dose was higher than the planned dose depending on the effective atomic number of NaCl solution comparing to water due to photoelectric effect in low energy photons. …”
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Gamma Ray Shielding Properties of Yb³⁺-Doped Calcium Borotellurite Glasses by Aljawhara H. Almuqrin, M. I. Sayyed

“…Other parameters were then calculated and analyzed, such as the linear attenuation coefficient (µ), transmission factor (TF), radiation protection efficiency (RPE), effective atomic number (Z_eff), and mean free path (MFP). …”
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Efficacy of 15 nm Gold Nanoparticles for Image-Guided Gliosarcoma Radiotherapy by Elette Engels, Michael Lerch, Stéphanie Corde, Moeava Tehei

“…Gold nanoparticles (GNPs) have unique properties including high atomic number, biocompatibility, and small size for cancer cell internalization. …”
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Optical and radiation shielding properties of PVC/BiVO4 nanocomposite by Said M. Kassem, M. I. A. Abdel Maksoud, Adel M. El Sayed, S. Ebraheem, A. I. Helal, Y. Y. Ebaid

“…Further, the current investigation seeks to evaluate the thickness equivalent (Xeq), effective atomic number (Zeff), and effective electron density (Neff) values as a function of the concentration of BiVO4 in a PVC matrix. …”
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X-ray source improvements for EXAFS measurement on SGIII prototype facility by Yun Hu, Shaoen Jiang, Jiyan Zhang, Quanxi Xue, Zhebin Wang, Qing Ye

“…On the other hand, chlorine atoms whose atomic number is higher than that of carbon were brought into the capsule by doping on the inner side wall to enhance x-ray radiation intensity. …”
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The effect of simulating porcelain firing on the elemental composition, microstructure, and mechanical properties of electroformed gold restorations by Youssef S. Al Jabbari, Xanthippi Barmpagadaki, Sara M. Al Taweel, Spiros Zinelis

“…Backscattered electron images revealed no mean atomic number contrast for both groups, indicating that the material was a single-phase alloy, whereas no differences between groups were identified in the composition of C, N, O, and Au after EDX analysis. …”
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Dielectric multilayers impact on radiation-induced charge accumulation in highly sensitive oxide field effect transistors by Camilla Bordoni, Andrea Ciavatti, Mariana Cortinhal, Maria Pereira, Tobias Cramer, Pedro Barquinha, Beatrice Fraboni

“…These transistors use indium–gallium–zinc oxide as a semiconductor, combined with a dielectric based on high-permittivity and high-atomic number materials. Here, we present a study on the ROXFET gate dielectric fabricated by atomic layer deposition, where we compare single- and multi-layer structures to determine the best-performing configuration. …”
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Effect of Uniform and Non-uniform High-z Nanoparticles Distribution in Tumor Volume on Dose Enhancement Factor During 192Ir Brachytherapy by M Zabihzadeh, S Arefian

“…Conclusion: increase of atomic number and concentrations of NPs enhance the absorbed dose due to increased possibility of photoelectric phenomena. …”
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Dual-energy CT for the detection of skull base invasion in nasopharyngeal carcinoma: comparison of simulated single-energy CT and MRI by Yang Zhan, Peng Wang, Yuzhe Wang, Yin Wang, Zuohua Tang

“…Results Quantitative analysis of DECT parameters showed higher normalized iodine concentration and effective atomic number values in sclerosis and lower values in erosion than those in normal bones (both p < 0.05). …”
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Numerical Analysis of the Relationship between the Photoelectric Effect and Energy of the X-Ray Photons in CT by Rezvan Ravanfar-Haghighi, Sabyasachi Chatterjee, Pratik Kumar, Vani Varadhan Chatterjee

“…While the scattering part dependents linearly upon the material’s electron density (ρe) and is weakly dependent on the energy (E) of the photon, the photoelectric part varies as [ρe Zx eff /Ey] where Zeff is the effective atomic number of the material. We aim to determine the exponents (x,y) which are crucial for many radiological studies. …”
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The Radiosensitivity Effect of Folic Acid Conjugated Gold Nanoparticles in Superficial Radiation Therapy of MCF-7 Cancer Cell Line by K Khoshgard, B Hashemi, A Arbabi, M. J Rasaee, M Soleimani

“…Recent dvances in nanotechnology have enabled us to accumulate high atomic-number nano-materials, such as gold nanoparticles (GNPs), in tumor cells selectively using different techniques and take the advantage of the dose enhancement factor resulting from the presence of such high-Z elements as the vicinity of cancerous cells as a radiosensitizer agent. …”
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Recent Advances in Noble Metal Nanoparticles for Cancer Nanotheranostics by Dhiraj Kumar, Isha Mutreja, Ajeet Kaushik

“…The advantage of using noble metals (not all, but those with an atomic number ≥76) over metal NPs is their tendency to provide additional properties, such as X-ray attenuation and near-infrared activity. …”
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Regular pattern of the single-atom M-N3/C (M = Sc ∼ Cu) toward the activation of O2 by Jin-Tao Gou, Ting-Hao Liu, Shuai Fu, Yin-Sheng Zhang, Wei Tai, Chang-Wei Hu, Hua-Qing Yang

“…For M-N3/C (M = Sc ∼ Cu), both the adsorption strength of O2 and the activity of O2 dissociation decrease sequentially with the increase of atomic number, i.e., Sc > Ti > V > Cr > Mn > Fe > Co > Ni > Cu, which have a negative correlation with either charge or the energy level difference (ɛd) for the center of the d-bands relative to the Fermi level of metal-site. …”
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Lanthanides Release and Partitioning in Municipal Wastewater Effluents by Patrice Turcotte, Shirley Anne Smyth, François Gagné, Christian Gagnon

“…The results showed that the rates of lanthanide removal by treatment processes decrease with their atomic number; from 95% for cerium (Ce) to 70% for lutetium (Lu), except for Gd, which was minimally removed. …”
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Surface modification and sputtering erosion of iron and copper exposed to low-energy, high-flux deuterium plasmas seeded with metal species by V.Kh. Alimov, Y. Hatano, M. Balden, M. Oyaizu, K. Isobe, H. Nakamura, T. Hayashi

“…The surface morphology of the Fe and Cu targets is found to be dependent strongly on atomic number of re-deposited species and on the exposure temperature. …”
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Automated SEM-EDS Analysis of Transition Metals and Other Metallic Compounds Emitted from Incinerating Agricultural Waste Plastic Film by Tae-Han Kim, Boo-Hun Choi, Choong-Sik Yoon, Yong-Kyu Ko, Moon-Sung Kang, Joongjin Kook

“…To raise the identifiability of analyzed particles, the specimen was sampled on a plate made of Ag, which has a high atomic number, three times. Metal particulate matter showed a high reaction to C and C-O. …”
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Geant4 Simulation of the Effect of Different Composites on Polyimide Photon and Neutron Shielding Properties by Hanan Akhdar, Rawan Alotaibi

“…Polyimide can be considered a good neutron shielding material, and its photon shielding abilities could be further enhanced when adding different high atomic number composites to it. The results showed that Au and Ag gave the best results in terms of the photon shielding properties, while ZnO and TiO₂ had the least negative effect on the neutron shielding properties. …”
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Separation of Gadolinium(III) from Terbium(III) by the Liquid-Liquid Extraction Method with Dibutyldithiophosphate as the Extractant by Senadi Budiman, Arie Hardian, Lisda Virdasari, Nurdeni Nurdeni, Herman Herman, Abdul Mutalib, Anni Anggraeni, Husein H. Bahti

“…Gadolinium(III) and terbium(III) have been selected in this study to see if the two metallic ions still could be separated although they have only one difference in atomic number, and in fact, terbium (65Tb) is the next to gadolinium(64Gd), in the lanthanide series. …”
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Different distributions of gold nanoparticles on the tumor and calculation of dose enhancement factor by Monte Carlo simulation by Sajad Keshavarz, Dariush Sardari

“…Gold nanoparticles can be used to increase the dose of the tumor due to its high atomic number as well as being free from apparent toxicity. …”
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Oxygen-evolving photosynthetic cyanobacteria for 2D bismuthene radiosensitizer-enhanced cancer radiotherapy by Rong Chai, Luodan Yu, Caihong Dong, Yipengchen Yin, Sheng Wang, Yu Chen, Qin Zhang

“…Herein, a biomimetic radiosensitized platform based on a natural in-situ oxygen-evolving photosynthetic cyanobacteria combined with two-dimensional (2D) bismuthene with high atomic-number (Z) components, is designed and engineered to effectively modulate the radiotherapy-resistant hypoxic tumor environment and achieve sufficient radiation energy deposition into tumor. …”
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