Oxygen Point Defect Chemistry in Ruddlesden–Popper Oxides (La[subscript 1–x]Sr[subscript x])[subscript 2]MO[subscript 4±δ](M = Co, Ni, Cu) by Xie, Wei, Lee, Yueh-Lin, Shao-Horn, Yang, Morgan, Dane

“…In general, increasing x and atomic number of M stabilizes peroxide over oxide interstitials as well as vacancies over both peroxide and oxide interstitials; increasing δ destabilizes both oxide interstitials and vacancies but barely affects peroxide interstitials. …”
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Applying X-ray Imaging Crystal Spectroscopy for Use as a High Temperature Plasma Diagnostic by Cao, Norman, Mier, Andres M., Rice, John E.

“…This manuscript presents the operation of the High Resolution X-ray Crystal Imaging Spectrometer with Spatial Resolution (HIREXSR), a high wavelength resolution spatially imaging X-ray spectrometer used to view hydrogen- and helium-like ions of medium atomic number elements in a tokamak plasma. In addition, this manuscript covers a laser blow-off system that can introduce such ions to the plasma with precise timing to allow for perturbative studies of transport in the plasma. …”
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Hydrogenous content identification in heterogeneous cargoes via multiple monoenergetic neutron radiography by Rahon, Jill, Danagoulian, Areg

“…Accurate determination of the hydrogenous content of the cargo has two important uses: it can allow for better imaging and discrimination of conventional contraband during cargo screening; it may also allow the unfolding of the individual elemental contributions from an effective atomic number, Zeff, as determined from multiple monoenergetic gamma radiography (MMGR). …”
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Nuclear transparency and effective kaon-nucleon cross section from the A(e,e′K+) reaction by Clasie, Benjamin Michael Patrick, Gao, Haiyan, Seely, Jason

“…We further extracted the atomic number (A) dependence of the transparency as parametrized by T=(A/2)[superscript α-1] and, within a simple model assumption, the in-medium effective kaon-nucleon cross sections. …”
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Development of high aspect ratio nano-focusing Si and diamond refractive x-ray optics using deep reactive ion etching by Malik, A

“…</p> <p>The second part is dedicated to an experimental study of refractive lenses made from diamond. Due to its low atomic number, relatively high density and very high thermal conductivity, diamond is one of the most desirable lens materials for refractive X-ray optics. …”

Quantitative structural and compositional characterisation of bimetallic fuel-cell catalyst nanoparticles using STEM by MacArthur, K, Katherine MacArthur

“…Such an approach has subsequently been extended to bimetallic particles here the elements are close in atomic number, using the platinum-iridium system as an example.…”

Studies of ionizing radiation shielding effectiveness of silica-based commercial glasses used in Bangladeshi dwellings by Yasmin, Sabina, Barua, Bijoy Sonker, Khandaker, Mayeen Uddin, Chowdhury, Faruque-Uz-Zaman, Rashid, Md. Abdur, Bradley, David Andrew, Olatunji, Michael Adekunle, Kamal, Masud

“…A number of shielding parameters- half value layer (HVL), radiation protection efficiency (RPE) and effective atomic number (Zeff) were also evaluated. The data were compared with the available literature (where applicable) to understand its shielding capability relative to the standard materials such as lead. …”

Development of novel transparent radiation shielding glasses by BaO doping in waste soda lime silica (SLS) glass by Khazaalah, Thair Hussein, Mustafa, Iskandar Shahrim, Sayyed, M. I., Abdul Rahman, Azhar, Mohd Zaid, Mohd Hafiz, Hisam, Rosdiyana, Abdul Malik, Muhammad Fadhirul Izwan, Ezra, Nabasu Seth, Naeem, Hayder Salah, Che Khalib, Nuridayanti

“…Moreover, the other parameters related to gamma ray shielding properties such as half-value layer (HVL), mean free path (MFP), and effective atomic number (Z e f f) were computed depending on μm values. …”

Oxide ion polarizabilities and gamma radiation shielding features of TeO2-B2O3-SiO2 glasses containing Bi2O3 using Phy-X/PSD software by Geidam, I. G., Matori, K. A., M. K., Halimah, Chan, K. T., Muhammad, F. D., Ishak, M., Umar, S. A.

“…Various shielding related parameters, specifically, mass attenuation coefficient (MAC), linear attenuation coefficient (LAC), effective atomic number (Zeff), effective electron density (Neff), mean free path (MFP), half value layer (HVL) and tenth value layer (TVL) were evaluated in the gamma photon energy range between 0.015 MeV and 15 MeV. …”

EXAFS studies of rare-earth metaphosphate glasses by Bowron, Daniel T., Saunders, George A., Newport, Robert J., Rainford, Brian D., Senin, H. B.

“…The first shell interatomic distance over the range of rare-earth ions establishes the rare-earth contraction of ionic radii with increasing atomic number in a series of glasses. There is also evidence for a rare-earth-phosphorus correlation between 2.7 and 3.6 Å, and a further rare-earth-oxygen correlation at approximately 4 Å. …”
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Comprehensive study on physical, elastic and shielding properties of ternary BaO-Bi2O3-P2O5 glasses as a potent radiation shielding material by El-bashir, B. O., Sayyed, M. I., Mohd Zaid, Mohd Hafiz, Matori, Khamirul Amin

“…The shielding parameters, effective atomic numbers, half value layers, and exposure buildup factor values have been computed using WinXCom program and G-P fitting method. …”
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X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and gamma-ray shielding investigation of boro-silicate glasses contained alkali/alkaline modifier by Kaky, Kawa M., Şakar, Erdem, Akbaba, Ugur, Kasapoglu, Ahmet Emre, Sayyed, Mohammed I., Gur, Emre, Baki, Sharudin Omar, Mahdi, Mohd Adzir

“…Moreover, H7 and H6 samples have higher effective atomic number than the rest of glasses. H7 sample has excellent shielding properties when compared with the other glasses. …”
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Physical, structural, optical and gamma radiation attenuation properties of germanate-tellurite glasses for shielding applications by Kaky, Kawa M., Sayyed, M. I., Mhareb, M. H. A., Abdalsalam, Alyaa H., Mahmoud, K. A., Omar Baki, Sharudin, Mahdi, Mohd Adzir

“…The maximum mass attenuation coefficient varied between 47.305 and 50.620 cm2.g − 1 for TG1 and TG4 glasses respectively at 0.015 MeV. The effective atomic number (Zeff) for the prepared germanium based-tellurite glasses was evaluated and the results revealed that the maximum Zeff values were found at 0.04 MeV, varying between 48.24 and 49.98 for TG4 and TG1.…”

Multiple characterization of some glassy-alloys as photon and neutron shields: in-silico Monte Carlo investigation by Perişanoğl, U., El-Agawany, F. I., Tekin, H. O., Kavaz, E., Zakaly, Hesham M. H., Issa, Shams A. M., Zaid, M. H. M., Sidek, H. A. A., Matori, K. A., Rammah, Y. S.

“…Next, other crucial photon attenuation parameters, effective atomic number(Zeff), Half Value Layer(HVL), and Mean Free Path (MFP), were gotten out using μ/ρ values. …”

Fabrication and characterisation of fluidic based memristor sensor for liquid with hydroxyl group by Hadis, Nor Shahanim Mohamad, Manaf, Asrulnizam Abd, Ngalim, Siti Hawa, Herman, Sukreen Hana

“…However, SEM-EDX image illustrated that the sputtering technique produced more uniform TiO2 thin film than sol-gel spin coating technique with larger atomic number of oxygen through the sol-gel spin coating technique. …”

Structural, thermal, and mechanical investigation of telluro-borate-Bismuth glass for radiation shielding. by Thabit, Hammam Abdurabu, Ismail, Abd. Khamim, Es-soufi, Hicham, Abdulmalik, D. A., Al-Fakih, Abdo Mohammed, Alraddadi, Shoroog, Sayyed, M. I.

“…The radiation shielding properties of these prepared glasses have been evaluated, and we reported the effective atomic number (Zeff) at 0.511 MeV. The results showed that the glass with x = 15% has the highest Zeff. …”
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Investigation of photon, neutron and proton shielding features of H3BO3–ZnO–Na2O–BaO glass system by Mhareb, M. H. A., Alajerami, Y. S. M., Dwaikat, Nidal, Al-Buriahi, M. S., Alqahtani, Muna, Alshahri, Fatimh, Saleh, Noha, Alonizan, N., Saleh, M. A., Sayyed, M. I.

“…XCOM, Phy-X program, and SRIM code were performed to determine and explain several shielding properties such as equivalent atomic number, exposure build-up factor, specific gamma-ray constants, effective removal cross-section (SR), neutron scattering and absorption, Mass Stopping Power (MSP) and projected range. …”
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Evaluation of Gamma Radiation Properties of Four Types of Surgical Stainless Steel in the Energy Range of 17.50–25.29 keV by Mohammad Marashdeh, Ibrahim F. Al-Hamarneh

“…In this study, the gamma radiation properties of four types of surgical-grade stainless steel (304, 304L, 316 and 316L) were investigated. The effective atomic number Z<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mi>e</mi><mi>f</mi><mi>f</mi></mrow></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula>, effective electron density N<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mi>e</mi><mi>f</mi><mi>f</mi></mrow></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula> and half-value layer (HVL) of four types of surgical-grade stainless steel were determined via the mass attenuation coefficient <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>μ</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>ρ</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>. …”
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Structural, optical and gamma radiation shielding properties of Bi₂O3/BaO-B₂O₃-TeO₂ doped CeO₂ glass system by Amat, Azuraida

“…Lead is one of the important elements in production of radiation shielding glass due to its high density, high atomic number and high degree of stability. However, toxicity of lead can cause negative impact to the environment and carcinogenic to human body. …”
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In situ study of thermal shock damage to high-temperature ceramics by D.E. Cherepanov, L.N. Vyacheslavov, V.A. Popov, G.A. Ryzhkov, A.A. Kasatov, A.A. Vasilyev, A.S. Arakcheev, A.A. Ruktuev, I.V. Kandaurov, A.A. Shoshin

“…The currently approved material composition for the first wall and divertor of the ITER tokamak has a number of disadvantages: insufficient resistance to thermal shock, sputtering of microparticles into plasma and high atomic number Z of the armor material. A promising but largely untested idea is the proposal to use high-temperature ceramics as armor materials for the most heat-loaded plasma-facing components of new-generation fusion devices. …”
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