Thermal Stability, Optical Properties, and Gamma Shielding Properties of Tellurite Glass Modified with Potassium Chloride by Khalid I. Hussein, Aref M. Al-Syadi, Mohammed S. Alqahtani, Nehal Elkhoshkhany, Hamed Algarni, Manuela Reben, El Sayed Yousef

“…The radiation shielding effectiveness of the synthesized glass system was evaluated using different shielding parameters, such as mass and linear attenuation coefficients (MAC, LAC), half-value layer (HVL), mean free path (MFP), effective atomic number (Z_eff), and effective electron number (N_eff). …”
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Investigation of the Gamma-ray Shielding Performance of CuO-CdO-Bi₂O₃ Bentonite Ceramics by Hanan Al-Ghamdi, Mohamed Elsafi, Aljawhara H. Almuqrin, Sabina Yasmin, M. I. Sayyed

“…Moreover, in the interest of increasing the radiation shielding ability, the high atomic number and density of both CdO and Bi₂O₃ were suggested for the raw ceramics. …”
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Ionizing radiation, cerebrovascular disease, and consequent dementia: A review and proposed framework relevant to space radiation exposure by Kathleen B. Miller, Kaitlyn L. Mi, Gregory A. Nelson, Gregory A. Nelson, Gregory A. Nelson, Ryan B. Norman, Zarana S. Patel, Zarana S. Patel, Janice L. Huff

“…Additional investigation and understanding of the impact of low-to-moderate doses of ionizing radiation including high (H) atomic number (Z) and energy (E) (HZE) ions on the cerebrovascular system is needed. …”
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Carbon-Ion Radiotherapy Using Metal Artifact Reduction Computed Tomography in a Patient with Prostate Cancer with Bilateral Hip Prostheses: A Case Report by Yosuke Takakusagi, Yoshiki Takayama, Yohsuke Kusano, Hiroaki Koge, Kio Kano, Satoshi Shima, Keisuke Tsuchida, Nobutaka Mizoguchi, Daisaku Yoshida, Tadashi Kamada, Shin Miyakawa, Koh Imura, Hiroyuki Katoh

“…However, hip prostheses are made of high atomic number materials and show severe artifacts on CT images. …”
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Enhancement of Ceramics Based Red-Clay by Bulk and Nano Metal Oxides for Photon Shielding Features by Mohamed Elsafi, Mirvat Fawzi Dib, Hoda Ezzelddin Mustafa, M. I. Sayyed, Mayeen Uddin Khandaker, Abdullah Alsubaie, Abdulraheem S. A. Almalki, Mahmoud I. Abbas, Ahmed M. El-Khatib

“…We found that the experimental and theoretical values agree to a very high degree of precision. The effective atomic number (<i>Z_eff</i>) of pure red clay, and red clay with the three metal oxides was determined. …”
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Nomogram based on spectral CT quantitative parameters and typical radiological features for distinguishing benign from malignant thyroid micro-nodules by Zuhua Song, Qian Li, Dan Zhang, Xiaojiao Li, Jiayi Yu, Qian Liu, Zongwen Li, Jie Huang, Xiaodi Zhang, Zhuoyue Tang

“…Typical radiological features including micro-calcification and enhanced blurring, and DSCT quantitative parameters including attenuation on virtual monoenergetic images (40 keV, 70 keV and 100 keV), the slope of the spectral HU curve (λHU), normalized iodine concentration (NIC), and normalized effective atomic number (NZeff) in the arterial phase (AP) and venous phase (VP), were measured and compared between the benign and malignant groups. …”
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Study on the impulse mechanism of optical films formed by laser plasma shock waves by Wang Guixia, Su Junhong

“…When the incident laser wavelength λ\lambda was 1,064 nm, the energy EE was 0.1J0.1\hspace{.1em}\text{J}, the pulse width tp{t}_{\text{p}} was 10ns10\hspace{.25em}\text{ns}, the focal length of the focusing lens ff was 350mm350\hspace{.25em}\text{mm}, the distance between the film surface and the focal plane of the focusing lens z0{z}_{0} was 5mm5\hspace{.5em}\text{mm}, and the film radius RR was 5mm5\hspace{.5em}\text{mm}, the calculation and simulation results show that the impulse Ist{I}_{\text{st}} of the two films was 10−4Ns1{0}^{-4}\hspace{.5em}\text{N}\hspace{.5em}\text{s} order of magnitude, the impulse coefficient j of the two films was 10−5Ns/J1{0}^{-5}\hspace{.5em}\text{N}\hspace{.5em}\text{s/J}, the Al2O3 film with small atomic number will obtain larger Ist{I}_{\text{st}} and jj, Ist{I}_{\text{st}} and jj of the two films increase with the increase of EE and ff, and Ist{I}_{\text{st}} and jj of the two films decrease with the increase of z0{z}_{0} and tp{t}_{\text{p}}. …”
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High-Energy Photon Attenuation Properties of Lead-Free and Self-Healing Poly (Vinyl Alcohol) (PVA) Hydrogels: Numerical Determination and Simulation by Theerasarn Pianpanit, Kiadtisak Saenboonruang

“…Among the three compounds investigated in this work, Bi₂O₃/PVA hydrogels exhibited the highest photon attenuation capabilities, determined at the same filler content and photon energy, mainly due to its highest atomic number of Bi and the highest density of Bi₂O₃ in comparison with other elements and compounds. …”
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Split-filter dual energy computed tomography radiotherapy: From calibration to image guidance by Jens Edmund, Marianne Feen Rønjom, Mette van Overeem Felter, Christian Maare, Annica Margrete Juul Dam, Eirini Tsaggari, Patrick Wohlfahrt

“…The DECT images generated were: 120 kV SECT-equivalent (CTmix), virtual monoenergetic images (VMIs), iodine map, virtual non-contrast (VNC), effective atomic number (Zeff), and relative electron density (ρe,w). …”
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Numerical Investigation on Photon Sensing Parameters for Some Thermoluminescence Dosimeters: A Comparative Study by Harjot Kaur, Pardeep Kaur, Preet Kaur, Tejbir Singh

“…About nine photon sensing parameters viz. mass attenuation coefficient (MAC), linear attenuation coefficient (LAC), mean free path (mfp), half value layer (HVL), tenth value layer (TVL), effective atomic number (EAN), effective electron number (EEN), exposure buildup factor (EBF) and energy absorption buildup factor (EABF) were obtained for the selected fifteen TLDs. …”
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Resolving Transition Metal Chemical Space: Feature Selection for Machine Learning and Structure–Property Relationships by Janet, Jon Paul, Kulik, Heather J.

“…Evaluation of feature selection results across property sets reveals the relative importance of local, electronic descriptors (e.g., electronegativity, atomic number) in spin-splitting and distal, steric effects in redox potential and bond lengths.…”
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Structural study of two-dimensional semiconductors using four-dimensional scanning transmission electron microscopy by Wen, Y

“…Results showed that the annular bright field (ABF), ptychographic phase, and divergence of differential phase contrast (DPC) can identify low and high atomic number atoms simultaneously with high resolution, surpassing the annular dark field (ADF)-STEM mode under the same imaging conditions. …”

Composition and thickness dependence of TLD relative dose sensitivity: A Monte Carlo study by Moradi, Farhad, Olatunji, Michael Adekunle, Abdul Sani, Siti Fairus, Ung, Ngie Min, Forouzeshfar, F., Khandaker, Mayeen Uddin, Bradley, D.A.

“…Results show that at sub-millimeter dimensions, the effect of detector thickness is more pronounced than the effective atomic number, Zeff, and density of the TLDs. Smaller thickness and higher Zeff TLDs need significant correction factors, with their deviation from unity increasing with the depth up to 15 cm; frel values in the range of 0.96–1.01 were obtained in this study. …”

Comprehensive study on structural, elastic and radiation shielding abilities of novel quaternary Bi2O3–TeO2–Li2O–Al2O3 glasses by Shah, Aishah Zarzali, Mohd Zaid, Mohd Hafiz, Matori, Khamirul Amin, Yaakob, Yazid, Sarmani, Abdul Rahman, Hisam, Rosdiyana

“…When subjected to gamma ray of 662 KeV the MAC is 0.08 cm2/g which was also accompanied by a reduction in the half-value layer (HVL) to 1.58 cm where it surpassed the concrete by 38% and linear attenuation coefficient (LAC) of 0.38 cm−1. The effective atomic number (Zeff) and effective electron density (Neff) reach maximum value of 59.74 and 7.88 × 1023 electrons/g at 0.02 MeV respectively. …”
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Borotellurite glasses for gamma-ray shielding: an exploration of photon attenuation coefficients, structural, and thermal properties by Lakshminarayana, G., Sayyed, M. I., Omar Baki, Sharudin, Lira, A., Dong, Mengge G., Kityk, I. V., Abbas, Bashar Khudhair, Mahdi, Mohd Adzir

“…Further, photon interaction parameters like effective atomic number (Zeff), half-value layer (HVL), and mean free path (MFP) were also computed. …”
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Thermoluminescence characteristics of silicon optical fibre doped with ytterbium and ytterbium – terbium as photon dosimeter by Sahini, Mohd. Hilmi

“…Scanning electron microscopy analysis was performed to determine the dopant concentration and the effective atomic number, Zeff. The dopant concentration of Yb for SiO2: Yb optical fiber was found ranging between 0.23 – 0.35 mol% and for SiO2: Yb, Tb; the dopant concentration of Yb and Tb were in the range of 0.03 – 1.46 mol% and 0.12 – 0.39 mol% respectively. …”
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Thermoluminescence response of doped silicon dioxide optical fibres subjected to electron irradiation by Buang, Siti Nurbayah

“…A comparison of thethermoluminescence (TL) response of electron irradiation concerning sensitivity,linearity, energy dependence, fading signal, reproducibility, minimum detectable dose(MDD) and effective atomic number, Zeff parameters as well as cross-comparisonwith that of TL dosimeter i.e TLD-100 (LiF:Mg,Ti) rods were investigated. …”
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Dosimetric properties of lithium magnesium borate glasses doped with dysprosium and phosphorus oxide for radiation dose measurement by Abu Mhareb, Mohammad Hasan Salman

“…LMB:Dy,P was found to have a good effective atomic number (Zeff=9.05), linear dose response up to 100 Gy and showed a higher TL response compared to LMB:Dy and LB:Dy. …”
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Copper doped and strontium co-doped lithium magnesium borate glass as thermoluminescence dosimeter irradiated by co-60 by Salleh, Nurul Anati

“…Energy Dispersive X-Ray (EDX) analysis was used to calculate the effective atomic number (Zeff) of the sample which is 8.33 close to Zeff of human tissue. …”
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Structural, optical and luminescence properties of lithium sodium borate glass doped with erbium of neodymium oxide by Razak, Nashru Amira

“…The calculated values of the effective atomic number (Zeff) for both compositions were 7.55 which is close to that of the human soft tissue (Zeff = 7.42). …”
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