IPEX syndrome: Case report by Radlović Nedeljko, Janić Dragana, Sajić Silvija, Janković Srđa, Ješić Maja, Leković Zoran, Petrović Rada

“…Beside the complete parenteral nutrition, as well as other measures, azathioprine was introduced into the treatment, but without the desired effect. …”
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Drug-drug interactions of immunosuppressants and other drugs in kidney post-transplant recipients. by - Mariel Umana-Rivas, - Evelin Soares de Britto, Leticia Santana da Silva Soares, Geraldo Rubens Ramos de Freitas, Gustavo Queiroz Arimatea, Priscila Dias Gonçalves, Dayani Galato

“…After analyzing the DDIs according to the severity of interaction, documentation quality interaction effect, clinical management and probable interaction mechanism, the most frequent interaction was with tacrolimus, classified as moderate, and the 3 major causes of interaction occurred with azathioprine according to the Micromedex database. The primary medicines involved with immunosuppressant interactions were proton pump inhibitors, ranitidine, domperidone, amlodipine, enalapril, allopurinol, cyclobenzaprine, amitriptyline, fluoxetine, and ciprofloxacin. …”
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Conversion to sirolimus in kidney transplant recipients with squamous cell cancer and changes in immune phenotype. by Carroll, R, Hester, J, Wood, K, Harden, P

“… BACKGROUND: Conversion to sirolimus from calcineurin inhibitor- (CNI), azathioprine- (AZA) and mycophenolate-based regimens reduces the risk of development of squamous cell carcinoma of the skin (SCC) in kidney transplant recipients (KTRs). …”

Plasma fibronectin levels during acute rejection and acute tubular necrosis in renal transplant patients. by de Jager, C, Robson, S, Linley, C, Hickman, R, Kahn, D

“…The renal transplant patients were treated with low-dose cyclosporine, azathioprine, and steroids. Citrated plasma samples were collected for Fn assay by a sandwich-type ELISA and for SDS-PAGE analysis and Western blotting. …”

Review article: the management of mild to severe acute ulcerative colitis. by Travis, S

“…Steroids have no place in the maintenance of remission. Indications for azathioprine include patients after a severe relapse of ulcerative colitis, those with early relapse after steroids (dose of < 15 mg/day, or within 6 weeks of stopping) and those needing a second course of steroids within a year. …”

The London Position Statement of the World Congress of Gastroenterology on Biological Therapy for IBD with the European Crohn's and Colitis Organization: when to start, when to sto... by D'Haens, G, Panaccione, R, Higgins, P, Vermeire, S, Gassull, M, Chowers, Y, Hanauer, S, Herfarth, H, Hommes, D, Kamm, M, Löfberg, R, Quary, A, Sands, B, Sood, A, Watermeyer, G, Watermayer, G, Lashner, B, Lémann, M, Plevy, S, Reinisch, W, Schreiber, S, Siegel, C, Targan, S, Watanabe, M, Feagan, B

“…The combination of IFX with azathioprine is better than monotherapy for induction of remission and mucosal healing up to 1 year in patients who are naïve to both agents. …”

Integrated Bioinformatics Analysis and Experimental Verification of Immune Cell Infiltration and the Related Core Genes in Ulcerative Colitis by Zhao D, Qin D, Yin L, Yang Q

“…Furthermore, the expressions of AQP8 and HMGCS2 decreased, whereas that of VNN1 increased. Azathioprine treatment improved all the indicators to different degrees.Conclusion: AQP8, HMGCS2, and VNN1 are the core genes of UC and exhibit different degrees of correlation with immune cells. …”
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Myasthenia Gravis and Pregnancy by Papish M., Nehrych T.

“…Immunosuppressive therapy (ie azathioprine) should be stopped long before planning the pregnancy, as it may adversely affect the fetus. …”
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Histopathological evaluation of induced pulmonary fibrosis under the effect of montelukast by Mohammed Rabah Mahdi, Wassan Abdul Kareem Abbas, Ghaith Ali Jasim

“…The management of pulmonary fibrosis included Azathioprine, corticosteroid, and N-acetyl cysteinyl in 2011 but in 2014 this guideline was removed and replaced by nintedanib and pirfenidone. …”
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The growing burden of generalized myasthenia gravis: a population-based retrospective cohort study in Taiwan by Keira Joann Herr, Shih-Pei Shen, Yanfang Liu, Chih-Chao Yang, Chao-Hsiun Tang

“…First-line treatment was with pyridostigmine (82%), steroids (58%), and azathioprine (11%). There was minimal change in treatment patterns over time. …”
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Atopic Dermatitis: Disease Features, Therapeutic Options, and a Multidisciplinary Approach by Liborija Lugović-Mihić, Jelena Meštrović-Štefekov, Ines Potočnjak, Tea Cindrić, Ivana Ilić, Ivan Lovrić, Lucija Skalicki, Iva Bešlić, Nives Pondeljak

“…Systemic AD therapy includes conventional systemic treatment (cyclosporine, methotrexate, azathioprine) and new, specific drugs, interleukin inhibitors (e.g., dupilumab) and JAK inhibitors (baricitinib, abrocitinib, upadacitinib, etc.). …”
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Immunologic Response to SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination in Pediatric Kidney Transplant Recipients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis by Elpida Emmanouilidou-Fotoulaki, Vasiliki Karava, John Dotis, Antonia Kondou, Nikoleta Printza

“…Seropositivity was lower in patients under mycophenolate mofetil compared to azathioprine (OR 0.09, 95% CI 0.02, 0.43). Rituximab administration decreased the seroconversion rate (OR 0.12, 95% CI 0.03, 0.43). …”
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Ethnic Issues and Disparities in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: What Can We Learn from the Arab Population in Israel? by Naim Abu-Freha, Nour Ealiwa, Muhammad AbuTailakh, Muhammad Abu-Abed, Sarah Bader, Rachel Tabu, Doron Schwartz

“…Arab CD patients were less frequently treated with azathioprine or mercaptopurine compared with Jewish patients. …”
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Statin-induced necrotizing autoimmune myopathy: an extremely rare adverse effect from statin use by Priyadarshani Sharma, Bidhya Timilsina, Janak Adhikari, Prem Parajuli, Rashmi Dhital, Niranjan Tachamo

“…Statin was discontinued, and steroid, immunoglobulins and azathioprine were started with gradual improvement. Unlike the self-limiting statin myopathy, SINAM is more severe and is associated with significant proximal muscle weakness, markedly elevated CK and persistent symptoms despite statin discontinuation. …”
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Systematic literature review informing the 2022 update of the EULAR recommendations for the management of ANCA-associated vasculitis (AAV): part 1—treatment of granulomatosis with... by Sara Monti, David Jayne, Bernhard Hellmich, Gunnar Tomasson, Raashid Ahmed Luqmani, Beatriz Sanchez-Alamo, Jan Henrik Schirmer

“…Use of RTX for maintenance of remission is associated with lower relapse rates compared with azathioprine (AZA, LoE 1b). Prolonged maintenance treatment results in lower relapse rates for both, AZA (LoE 1b) and RTX (LoE 1b).Conclusion This SLR provides current evidence to inform the 2022 update of the EULAR recommendations for the management of AAV.…”
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Histiocytic sarcoma; case report of a rare disease in a kidney transplant recipient by Pedro Ventura Aguiar, Carla Dias, Pedro Azevedo, Hugo Neves Silva, Manuela Almeida, Sofia Pedroso, La Salete Martins, Leonídio Dias, Anabela Rodrigues, Ramón Viscaíño, António Cabrita, António Castro Henriques

“…Case Presentation: We report the case of a 56-year-old woman with a history of hepatitis C infection and chronic kidney disease (CKD), submitted to a kidney transplant in 1984, under maintenance immunosuppression with prednisone and azathioprine. Patient presented with a relentlessly growing mass on her right front thorax. …”
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Insulin Autoimmune Syndrome (Hirata Disease): A Comprehensive Review Fifty Years After Its First Description by Cappellani D, Macchia E, Falorni A, Marchetti P

“…Available therapies may include drugs that reduce pancreatic insulin secretion (somatostatin analogues and diazoxide, for instance) and immunosuppressive agents (glucocorticoids, azathioprine and rituximab). The purpose of this review is to provide a comprehensive analysis of the disease, by describing the burden of knowledge that has been obtained in the 50 years following its first description, took in 1970, and by highlighting the points that are still unclear in its pathogenesis and management.Keywords: insulin autoimmune syndrome, IAS, Hirata, hypoglycemia, autoimmunity…”
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Systematic literature review informing the 2022 update of the EULAR recommendations for the management of ANCA-associated vasculitis (AAV): Part 2 - Treatment of eosinophilic granu... by Sara Monti, David Jayne, Bernhard Hellmich, Gunnar Tomasson, Raashid Ahmed Luqmani, Beatriz Sanchez-Alamo, Jan Henrik Schirmer

“…For EGPA patients with newly diagnosed disease without unfavourable prognostic factors, azathioprine (AZA) combined with glucocorticoids (GC) is not superior to GC monotherapy to induce remission (LoE 2b). …”
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Multiple electrolytes imbalances in a patient with inflammatory bowel disease associated with vitamin D deficiency: a case report by Yumiko Nakamura, Yuichiro Kawai, Sumiko Nagoshi, Tomonari Ogawa, Hajime Hasegawa

“…Based on clinical symptoms and biochemical and endoscopic findings, Crohn’s disease, intestinal Behçet’s disease, and intestinal tuberculosis were considered as differential diagnoses, but a final diagnosis was not reached. Prednisolone, azathioprine, and metronidazole were administered, and no apparent electrolyte abnormality was observed at the patient’s admission to our hospital. …”
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Case report: Bullous pemphigoid in HIV-1-positive patients: interplay or coincidence? A case series and review of the literature by Yannick Foerster, Yannick Foerster, Lukas Sollfrank, Lukas Sollfrank, Laura Rechtien, Laura Rechtien, Thomas Harrer, Thomas Harrer, Carola Berking, Carola Berking, Michael Sticherling, Michael Sticherling

“…Depending on the individual severity, further add-on therapeutics, such as azathioprine, dapsone, doxycycline and the interleukin 4/13 antibody dupilumab, were added to the therapy regimen. …”
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