From Hepatitis E to Autoimmune Hepatitis: Aftermath of a trip to Qatar by Pamela Duran-Azamar, Genesis P. Martínez-Pérez, Ana D. Cano-Contreras, Peter Grube-Pagola, Luis A. Amezcua-Toledo, José M. Remes Troche

“…The histopathological report was consistent with autoimmune hepatitis, and treatment with prednisone and azathioprine was initiated, to which the patient responded favourably. …”
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Treatment experience of Taiwanese patients with anti‐3‐hydroxy‐3‐methylglutaryl‐coenzyme A reductase myopathy by Wen‐Chen Liang, Chen‐Hua Wang, Wan‐Zi Chen, Yun‐Ting Kuo, Hsiu‐Fen Lin, Shigeaki Suzuki, Ichizo Nishino, Yuh‐Jyh Jong

“…For adult patients, one with statin exposure responded well to steroid and azathioprine use and the motor function returned to the baseline. …”
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Clinical features and outcomes of patients with myasthenia gravis admitted to an intensive care unit: A 20-year retrospective study by R Morar, GEMP 2 Group 6 of 2018 (M Amod, F Chappel, L Ebbeling, L Fikizolo, A Glover, K Gutu, C Lawson, R Maswinyaneng, M Mohunlal, K Morar, D Rooken-Smith, K Seale, D Shai), F Seedat, G A Richards

“…The treatments received for MG included pyridostigmine (73.5%), corticosteroids (55.9%), azathioprine (35.3%), plasmapheresis (26.5%) and intravenous immunoglobulin (8.8%). …”
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PharmFrag: An Easy and Fast Multiplex Pharmacogenetics Assay to Simultaneously Analyze 9 Genetic Polymorphisms Involved in Response Variability of Anticancer Drugs by Régis Bouvet, Marie-Clémence Verdier, Yahya El Baroudi, Marie-Dominique Galibert, Véronique David, Sacha Schutz, Camille Tron

“…This pharmacogenetic approach is recommended for chemotherapies such as thiopurines (azathioprine, 6-mercaptopurine, thioguanine), irinotecan, and fluoropyrimidines (capecitabine and 5-fluorouracil). …”
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Danazol in Refractory Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia or Immune Thrombocytopenia: A Case Series Report and Literature Review by Hsu-En Huang, Ko-Ming Lin, Jing-Chi Lin, Yu-Ting Lin, Hsiao-Ru He, Yu-Wei Wang, Shan-Fu Yu, Jia-Feng Chen, Tien-Tsai Cheng

“…The dose of glucocorticoid for responders could be reduced to ≤5 mg/day of prednisolone, and the immunosuppressants, except hydroxychloroquine and azathioprine for systemic lupus erythematosus, could be discontinued. …”
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Frequency of skin diseases in renal transplant recipients and patients with chronic kidney disease in a tertiary center: a cross-sectional study by Érica Cristina Vieira, Milena Soriano Marcolino, Antônio Carlos Martins Guedes, Mônica Maria Moreira Delgado Maciel, Wandilza Fátima dos Santos, Luciana Consoli Fernandes Pimentel, Paulo Rodrigues Gomes, Anita Bressan, Kátia de Paula Farah, Marcelo Grossi Araújo

“…Among skin cancers, BCC is more frequently observed in RTR, especially in those using azathioprine.…”
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Frenemies within: An Endocarditis Case in Behçet’s Disease by Diana Moroșan, Adela Șerban, Cătălin Trifan, Svetlana Encica, Sorin Pop, Tudor Costinel Șerban, Simona Rednic, Laura Damian

“…A 57-year female patient diagnosed with Behçet’s disease, on azathioprine, was noticed to have at a routine examination antinuclear and antiphospholipid antibodies. …”
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Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis developed after dupilumab administration in patients with eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis and asthma: a case report by Isao Suzaki, Akihiko Tanaka, Ryo Yanai, Yuki Maruyama, Sawa Kamimura, Kojiro Hirano, Hitome Kobayashi

“…Therefore, dupilumab was discontinued owing to the development of EGPA, and prednisolone and azathioprine administration was initiated for a remission induction therapy. …”
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Nonenzymatic Serum Antioxidant Capacity in IBD and Its Association with the Severity of Bowel Inflammation and Corticosteroids Treatment by Katarzyna Neubauer, Radoslaw Kempinski, Malgorzata Matusiewicz, Iwona Bednarz-Misa, Malgorzata Krzystek-Korpacka

“…We assessed the serum concentrations of free thiols (FT) and uric acid (SUA), together constituting a large part of nonenzymatic serum antioxidant capacity, as well as total antioxidant status (TAS) with reference to IBD phenotype, activity, co-occurrence of anemia, and treatment with azathioprine (AZA) and corticosteroids (CS). Additionally, we appraised the potential of uric acid, thiol stress, and TAS as mucosal healing (MH) markers in ulcerative colitis. …”
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Integrating Nanotechnological Advancements of Disease-Modifying Anti-Rheumatic Drugs into Rheumatoid Arthritis Management by Sukhbir Singh, Neha Tiwary, Neelam Sharma, Tapan Behl, Anita Antil, Md. Khalid Anwer, Seema Ramniwas, Monika Sachdeva, Gehan M. Elossaily, Monica Gulati, Shreesh Ohja

“…Methotrexate, sulfasalazine, hydroxychloroquine, and azathioprine are examples of non-biologic DMARDs that are being used for alleviating pain and preventing disease progression. …”
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A report on the potential of Rac1/pSTAT3 protein levels in T lymphocytes to assess the pharmacodynamic effect of thiopurine therapy in Inflammatory Bowel Disease patients by Debbie S. Deben, Rob H. Creemers, Arjan J. van Adrichem, Roosmarie Drent, Audrey H. H. Merry, Mathie P. G. Leers, Adriaan A. van Bodegraven, Dennis R. Wong

“…Abstract The thiopurine derivatives azathioprine (AZA), mercaptopurine (MP) and tioguanine (TG) remain standard treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). …”
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Diagnosis and treatment of interstitial lung disease related to systemic autoimmune myopathies: a narrative review by F.H.C. De Souza, D.B. De Araújo, L.S. Hoff, B.G. Baldi, M.S.M.S. Faria, L.F da Rocha Junior, L.R.S Da Silva, G.L Behrens Pinto, M.C. Bezerra, R. Miossi, R.A. Cordeiro, S.K Shinjo

“…Glucocorticoids remain the first-line treatment for SAM-ILD, although other traditional immunosuppressants, such as azathioprine, mycophenolate, and cyclophosphamide have demonstrated some efficacy and, therefore, have an important role as steroid-sparing agents. …”
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Neuro-Behçet’s Disease Onset in the Context of Tuberculous Meningoencephalitis: A Case Report by Florian Antonescu, Ioana Butnariu, Dana Antonescu-Ghelmez, Sorin Tuta, Bianca Adriana Voinescu, Mihnea Costin Manea, Amanda Ioana Bucur, Altay Sercan Chelmambet, Adriana Moraru

“…HLA B51 testing was positive, antituberculous treatment was stopped, and the patient was started on high doses of oral Cortisone and Azathioprine. Consequently, the evolution was favorable, with no further relapses and slow improvements in neurological deficits. …”
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Relationship of cyclosporin and sirolimus blood concentrations regarding the incidence and severity of hyperlipidemia after kidney transplantation by G.A. Spinelli, C.R. Felipe, P.G. Machado, R. Garcia, D.E. Casarini, S.R. Moreira, S.I. Park, H. Tedesco-Silva Jr., J.O. Medina-Pestana

“…The influence of drug concentrations on the development of persistent posttransplant hyperlipidemia was investigated in 82 patients who received cyclosporin A (CsA) and prednisone plus sirolimus (SRL) (52) or azathioprine (AZA) (30) during the first year after transplantation. …”
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Protein‐losing enteropathy as the first presentation of systemic lupus erythematosus: A case report from Sudan by Elham Abdalla, Noon Mohymeed, Abdelsalam M. A. Nail, Rayan Ali Tonga, Mohammed Alfatih, Mohannad Abdalfdeel Almahie Shaban, Hassan Eltoum

“…He started immunosuppressive therapy (prednisolone 10 mg/day, hydroxychloroquine 400 mg/day, azathioprine 100 mg/day). In addition, his condition is improved Diagnosis was made as SLE with Protein‐losing enteropathy based on hypoalbumenemia (with exclusion of renal loss of protein), ascites, hypercholesrtolemia and exclusions of other mimics as explained later. …”
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Neuropsychiatric Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Molecules Involved in Its Imunopathogenesis, Clinical Features, and Treatment by Angel A. Justiz-Vaillant, Darren Gopaul, Sachin Soodeen, Rodolfo Arozarena-Fundora, Odette Arozarena Barbosa, Chandrashehkar Unakal, Reinand Thompson, Bijay Pandit, Srikanth Umakanthan, Patrick E. Akpaka

“…Antiepileptic drugs to treat seizures, and immunosuppressants (e.g., corticosteroids, azathioprine, and mycophenolate mofetil), are directed against inflammatory responses along with non-pharmacological interventions.…”
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Autoimmune Hepatitis Induced by Hepatitis Delta Virus: A Conundrum by Mariana F. Cardoso, Rita Carvalho, Fábio Pereira Correia, Joana C. Branco, Mariana Nuno Costa, Alexandra Martins

“…Therefore, after initiating prophylactic tenofovir difumarate, she was started on prednisolone followed by azathioprine, which was later stopped due to presumed hepatotoxicity. …”
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Serum calprotectin and renal function decline in ANCA-associated vasculitides: a post hoc analysis of MAINRITSAN trial by Xavier Romand, Benjamin Terrier, Athan Baillet, Philippe Gaudin, Loic Guillevin, Christian Pagnoux, Minh Vu Chuong, Marie Hélène Paclet

“…The aim of this study was to assess whether serum calprotectin levels can predict decline in renal function in AAV patients receiving maintenance therapy.Methods Serum calprotectin levels were assessed at inclusion and month 6 in AAV patients, in complete remission after induction therapy, randomly assigned to rituximab or azathioprine. Renal function decline was defined as a 25% decrease in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and a change in the eGFR category, or a decrease of 15 mL/min/1.73 m2. …”
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Ocular Disorders in Renal Transplant Patients by Farzan Kian-Ersi, Shahram Taheri, Mohammad Reza Akhlaghi

“…Abnormal ocular findings were not correlated with the underlying renal disorder or use of cyclosporine and prednisolone, however they were positively correlated with transplant duration, pre-transplant dialysis duration and azathioprine or mycophenolate mofetil consumption. CONCLUSION: Ocular disorders are frequent among renal transplant patients especially with older transplants and those with a longer period of pre-transplant hemodialysis.…”
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Therapeutic and prognostic features in myasthenia gravis patients followed in a tertiary neuromuscular diseases center in Turkey by Aylin Yaman, Fatma Kurtuluş Aydın, Fatma Kurtuluş Aydın

“…Most of the patients (57.5%) were using corticosteroids. Azathioprine was used by 39% and mycophenolate mofetil by 10.3% of patients. …”
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