Serologic Biomarkers in Pemphigus Monitoring: C-reactive Protein, Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor, and Prolactin Levels Versus Autoantibody Assays by Hossein Mortazavi, Vahide Saeidi, Kamran Balighi, Nafiseh Esmaeili, Amir Teimourpour, Maryam Daneshpazhooh, Shahin Hamzelou, Zahra Saffarian, Jafar Taghizadeh Fazli

“…The anti-Dsg1, anti-Dsg3, IIF, and CRP titers decreased in patients treated with conventional (prednisolone plus azathioprine) and rituximab therapy during and after treatment. …”
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Autoimmune Hepatitis in Children: The Current State of the Problem by G. V. Volynets, A. I. Khavkin, T. A. Skvortsova, V. V. Matkash

“…Liver parenchymal inflammation responds well to a standard immunosuppressive therapy with prednisolone and azathioprine. Disease relapses are observed in about 40% of patients during treatment. …”
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Diagnosis and Treatment of Autoimmune Liver Diseases in a Tertiary Referral Center in Cuba by Marlen Ivón Castellanos Fernández, MD, PhD, MP, Deyanira la Rosa Hernández, MD, MP, Diego Enrique Cabrera Eugenio, MD, Wilson Palanca, MD, Zaily Dorta Guridi, MD, PhD, MP, Licet González Fabián, MD, MCs, MP

“…Prednisone monotherapy was used in 22 AIH patients (36.6%) and a combination of prednisone and azathioprine was used in 28 (46.6%) AIH patients. Response to treatment was seen in 41 AIH patients (68.3%), 33 of whom (55%) had a complete response and 8 of whom (24.2%) relapsed after 12 months of maintenance therapy. …”
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Application of Economic Evaluation to Assess Feasibility for Reimbursement of Genomic Testing as Part of Personalized Medicine Interventions by Stavros Simeonidis, Stefania Koutsilieri, Athanassios Vozikis, David N. Cooper, Christina Mitropoulou, George P. Patrinos, George P. Patrinos, George P. Patrinos

“…Indicatively, pre-emptive HLA-B*5701 and TPMT testing before administration of abacavir and azathioprine, respectively, is reimbursed by Medicare based on both economic and efficacy evidence. …”
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Prevalence of JC and BK Polyomavirus Infection in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease in the State of Pará, Brazil by Scheila do Socorro Vasconcelos Ávila da Costa, Jacqueline Cortinhas Monteiro, Ana Paula do Vale Viegas, Keyla Santos Guedes de Sá, Silvia Regina da Cruz, Sandra Souza Lima, Izaura Maria Vieira Cayres Vallinoto, Igor Brasil Costa, Antonio Carlos Rosário Vallinoto

“…In the group of transplanted patients, there was a statistically significant association between infection and the use of the immunosuppressant azathioprine (<i>p</i> = 0.015). The prevalence of PyV infection was higher in the control group than in the group with CKD, being predominant in males and in patients with systemic arterial hypertension.…”
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Characteristics of population of patients with sarcoidiosis in the republic of Tatarstan: the results of multi-year monitoring by I. Yu. Vizel, A. A. Vizel, G. R. Shakirova, G. S. Ganibaeva

“…Active monitoring was the most commonly used disease management (37.3%), vitamin E was used in 23.4%, vitamin E and pentoxifylline in 21.2%, systemic glucocorticosteroids were used in 14.9%, methotrexate was used in 1.7%, inhaled steroids in 1.3%, antibiotics in 0.2%, azathioprine in 0.1% and N-acetylcysteine was used in 1 patient. …”
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Atypical Forms of Pyoderma Gangrenosum in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Report of Four Cases and Literature Review by Martinelli VF, Martinelli Barbosa P, Dantas de Oliveira LS, Melo LALV, Casa Nova JM, Brito CAA

“…A 25-year-old patient with ulcerative colitis presented an extensive chronic ulcerative lesion on her left leg that was associated with significant bleeding; the intestinal disease was in remission under the use of azathioprine. The patient was on long-term use of 60 mg corticosteroid with no improvement in the skin disease; however, initiation of cyclosporine induced remission. …”
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Humoral Immunogenicity of mRNA Booster Vaccination after Heterologous CoronaVac-ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 or Homologous ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 Vaccination in Patients with Autoimmune Rheumatic Dise... by Porntip Intapiboon, Nawamin Pinpathomrat, Siriporn Juthong, Parichat Uea-Areewongsa, Jomkwan Ongarj, Boonjing Siripaitoon

“…Most patients received prednisolone (75.8%, mean [IQR] daily dose: 7.5 [5, 7.5] mg) and azathioprine (45.5%). The seropositivity rates were 100% and 92.9% in CoronaVac/ChAdOx1 and ChAdOx1/ChAdOx1, respectively. …”
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Role of Multiparametric Intestinal Ultrasound in the Evaluation of Response to Biologic Therapy in Adults with Crohn’s Disease by Pierluigi Puca, Livio Enrico Del Vecchio, Maria Elena Ainora, Antonio Gasbarrini, Franco Scaldaferri, Maria Assunta Zocco

“…Current medical therapies are based on the use of glucocorticoids, exclusive enteral nutrition, immunosuppressors such as azathioprine and methotrexate, and biological agents such as infliximab, adalimumab, vedolizumab, or ustekinumab. …”
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Functional respiratory impairment and related factors in patients with interstitial pneumonia with autoimmune features (IPAF): Multicenter study from NEREA registry by Maria Asuncion Nieto, Olga Sanchez-Pernaute, Cristina Vadillo, Maria Jesus Rodriguez-Nieto, Fredeswinda Romero-Bueno, Belen López-Muñiz, Laura Cebrian, Maria Teresa Rio-Ramirez, Rosalia Laporta, Gema Bonilla, Tatiana Cobo, Leticia Leon, Lydia Abasolo, NEREA Group

“…Along the study, 77.2% received treatment (52 glucocorticoids, 25 mycophenolate, 21 azathioprine, 15 rituximab and 11 antifibrotics). IR was 23.9 [19.9–28.8], and 50% of IPAF developed functional respiratory impairment after 16 months from its diagnosis. …”
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Two case reports and a systematic review of the literature on adult cerebral cortical encephalitis with anti-myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody by Meihui Xu, Chi Ma, Ming Dong, Chunjie Guo, Simin Yang, Yue Liu, Xu Wang

“…The majority of patients were treated with immunosuppressive therapy (97% corticosteroids, 15% mycophenolate mofetil, 13% IVIg, 5% azathioprine, and 5% other). The majority of patients had a favorable prognosis after treatment, as exemplified by improved clinical symptoms and imaging. …”
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Uso de micofenolato mofetil em pacientes com lúpus eritematoso sistêmico juvenil e nefrite refratária Use of mycophenolate mofetil in patients with juvenile systemic lupus erythema... by Ricardo Maisse Suehiro, Bernadete Lourdes Liphaus, Mércia Moreira Facó, Lúcia Maria Mattei Arruda Campos, Clovis Artur Almeida Silva

“…<br>The mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) is an immunosuppressive drug used in the treatment of autoimmune diseases including juvenile systemic lupus erythematosus, especially in cases of lupus nephritis refractory to treatment with corticosteroids, cyclophosphamide, azathioprine, methotrexate and/or cyclosporine. This paper describes the efficacy and adverse events of MMF in four patients with refractory lupus nephritis. …”
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Idiopathic multifocal choroiditis (MFC): aggressive and prolonged therapy with multiple immunosuppressive agents is needed to halt the progression of active disease. An offbeat rev... by Ioannis Papasavvas, Piergiorgio Neri, Alessandro Mantovani, Carl P. Herbort

“…Immunosuppression comprised at minimum two among the following agents: prednisone, cyclosporine, azathioprine, mycophenolic acid or infliximab. Mean duration of therapy was calculated. …”
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Overlap syndrome: Report of a case and review of the literature. by Karent I. Méndez-Verdejo, Lourdes Del Follo-Martínez, Jessica A. Rojas-López, Karla D. Sales-Morales

“…The patient received prednisone 25 mg QD, azathioprine 50 mg QD, and ursodeoxycholic acid TID. …”
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Overlap syndrome of autoimmune hepatitis and primary biliary cholangitis complicated with atypical hepatocellular carcinoma: a case report by Teodora Surdea-Blaga, Roxana L. Cărăguț, Cosmin Caraiani, Zeno Spârchez, Nadim al Hajjar, Dan L. Dumitrașcu

“…The patient was following treatment with UDCA (Ursodeoxycholic acid), azathioprine, Plaquenil, calcium channel blockers, angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor, calcium and vitamin D supplementation. …”
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Analysis of clinical manifestations and diagnosis of late-onset myasthenia gravis by A. N. Khalmurzina, T. M. Alekseeva, S. V. Lobzin, D. I. Rudenko, V. V. Kryuchkova

“…With a comparable duration and severity of myasthenia gravis in different age groups, the combination of anticholinesterase drugs, glucocorticosteroids and azathioprine (p = 0.01) at a lower daily dose (100 mg) was more often used for the treatment of elderly patients compared with young and middle-aged groups (150 mg) (p = 0.03).Conclusion. …”
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Methimazole-Induced ANCA Vasculitis: A Case Report by Precil Diego Miranda de Menezes Neves, Lucas Braga Mota, Cristiane Bitencourt Dias, Luis Yu, Viktoria Woronik, Lívia Barreira Cavalcante, Denise Maria Avancini Costa Malheiros, Lectícia Barbosa Jorge

“…Four years after the initial diagnosis, she is currently being treated with azathioprine, and her exams show creatinine 1.30 mg/dL (eGFR CKD-EPI: 52 mL/min/1.73 m²) and negative p-ANCA.…”
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Optimizing thiopurine therapy in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia: A promising “MINT” sequencing strategy and therapeutic “DNA-TG” monitoring by Hong-Li Guo, Yue-Tao Zhao, Yue-Tao Zhao, Wei-Jun Wang, Wei-Jun Wang, Na Dong, Na Dong, Ya-Hui Hu, Yuan-Yuan Zhang, Feng Chen, Li Zhou, Tao Li

“…Thiopurines, including thioguanine (TG), 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP), and azathioprine (AZA), are extensively used in clinical practice in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and inflammatory bowel diseases. …”
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Idiopathic multicentric castleman’s disease mimicking immunoglobulin G4-related disease responding well to Bortezomib: a case report by Qian Peng, Fan Wu, Yuting Shi, Juan Wang, Zhimin Zhai, Zhitao Wang

“…This patient was treated with glucocorticoids and various immunosuppressive drugs, such as prednisone, cyclosporine, methotrexate, cyclophosphamide, mycophenolate mofetil, azathioprine and hydroxychloroquine. Unfortunately, the patient did not recover. …”
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<i>Nigella sativa</i>-Floral Honey and Multi-Floral Honey versus <i>Nigella sativa</i> Oil against Testicular Degeneration Rat Model: The Possible Protective Mechanisms by Mona S. Almujaydil, Reham M. Algheshairy, Raghad M. Alhomaid, Hend F. Alharbi, Hoda A. Ali

“…This work aimed for the first time to assess <i>Nigella sativa</i> floral honey (NS floral honey) and multi-floral honey (M-floral honey) versus <i>Nigella sativa</i> oil (NS oil) against rat testicular degeneration induced with azathioprine (AZA). A total of 40 male Wister rats were assigned into 5 groups: (1) control, (2) 15 mg/kg of AZA, (3) AZA + 1.4 mL/kg of M-floral honey, (4) AZA + 1.4 mL/kg of NS floral honey, and (5) AZA + 500 mg/kg of NA oil. …”
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