New 6-Minute-Walking Test Parameter—Distance/Desaturation Index (DDI) Correctly Diagnoses Short-Term Response to Immunomodulatory Therapy in Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis by Katarzyna B. Lewandowska, Małgorzata Sobiecka, Piotr W. Boros, Małgorzata Dybowska, Inga Barańska, Małgorzata E. Jędrych, Agata Gładzka, Witold Z. Tomkowski, Monika Szturmowicz

“…Methods: 6MWT parameters (distance, initial saturation, final saturation, desaturation, distance-saturation product (DSP), and DDI) were analyzed at baseline and after 3 to 6 months of treatment with corticosteroids alone or in combination with azathioprine. Results: 91 consecutive HP patients diagnosed and treated in a single pulmonary unit from 2005 to 2017 entered the study. …”
Get full text

Gender differences in SLE: report from a cohort of 417 Caucasian patients by Chiara Tani, Marta Mosca, Chiara Stagnaro, Linda Carli, Elena Elefante, Viola Signorini, Dina Zucchi, Francesco Ferro, Chiara Cardelli, Maria Laura Manca, Francesca Trentin, Giancarlo Cascarano, Luca Gualtieri, Davide Schilirò, Anastasiya Valevich

“…Women had a higher prevalence of haematological abnormalities, a higher cumulative exposure to azathioprine and higher cumulative dose of glucocorticoids at 5 years. …”
Get full text

Conception and reality: Outcome of SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination among Hungarian IBD patients on biologic treatments by Tamás Resál, Mária Matuz, Csilla Keresztes, Péter Bacsur, Kata Szántó, Anett Sánta, Mariann Rutka, Diána Kolarovszki-Erdei, Renata Bor, Anna Fábián, Zoltán Szepes, Pál Miheller, Patrícia Sarlós, Anita Zacháry, Klaudia Farkas, Tamás Molnár

“…The different biological treatments were equally safe; no difference was observed in the infection rate, course of COVID-19. Azathioprine and corticosteroids did not elevate the infection rate. 28 patients (35.0 %) suspended the ongoing biologic treatment, but it had no impact on the disease course. …”
Get full text

Autoimmune Pancreatitis: From Pathogenesis to Treatment by Enrico Celestino Nista, Sara Sofia De Lucia, Vittoria Manilla, Tommaso Schepis, Antonio Pellegrino, Veronica Ojetti, Giulia Pignataro, Lorenzo Zileri dal Verme, Francesco Franceschi, Antonio Gasbarrini, Marcello Candelli

“…In selected patients, immunomodulators such as azathioprine are used to maintain remission. The strength of this review, compared with previous studies, is that it focuses on the clear difference between the two types of autoimmune pancreatitis with a clearly delineated and separate pathogenesis. …”
Get full text

Experience using low doses of calcineurin inhibitors in the treatment of refractory lupus nephritis by César Augusto Restrepo Valencia, Consuelo Vélez Álvarez

“…The cyclophosphamide was administered only during 6 months, after which it was changed to azathioprine at doses of 1 mg / kg / day. Still, mycophenolate was continued at the same dose. …”
Get full text

Design of a phase III, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial of BI 1015550 in patients with progressive pulmonary fibrosis (FIBRONEER-ILD) by Toby M Maher, Michael Kreuter, Vincent Cottin, Daniel Wachtlin, Anna-Maria Hoffmann-Vold, Marlies S Wijsenbeek, Fernando J Martinez, Shervin Assassi, Luca Richeldi, Arata Azuma, Justin M Oldham, Claudia Valenzuela, Carl Coeck, Christina Schlecker, Florian Voss

“…Patients on stable treatment with permitted immunosuppressives (eg, methotrexate, azathioprine) may continue their treatment throughout the trial. …”
Get full text

Development of Antibodies to Ustekinumab Is Associated with Loss of Response in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease by Xavier Roblin, Gérard Duru, Konstantinos Papamichael, Adam S. Cheifetz, Sandy Kwiatek, Anne-Emmanuelle Berger, Mathilde Barrau, Louis Waeckel, Stephane Nancey, Stephane Paul

“…Uni- and multivariate analyses showed that serum ATU ≥ 9.5 µg/mL-eq (hazard ratio (HR) 2.54, 95%CI (1.80–5.93)), <i>p</i> = 0.022, prior vedolizumab (HR 2.78, 95%CI (1.09–3.34), <i>p</i> = 0.019) and prior azathioprine (HR 0.54, 95%CI (0.20–0.76), <i>p</i> = 0.014) exposures were the only factors independently associated with LOR to UST. …”
Get full text

Immunosuppression reduces rAAV2.5T neutralizing antibodies that limit efficacy following repeat dosing to ferret lungs by Yinghua Tang, Shahab Fakhari, Eric D. Huntemann, Zehua Feng, Peipei Wu, William Y. Feng, Junying Lei, Feng Yuan, Katherine J. Excoffon, Kai Wang, Maria P. Limberis, Roland Kolbeck, Ziying Yan, John F. Engelhardt

“…To this end, we evaluated two immunosuppression (IS) strategies to improve repeat dosing of rAAV2.5T to ferret lungs: (1) a combination of three IS drugs (Tri-IS) with broad coverage against cellular and humoral responses (methylprednisolone [MP], azathioprine, and cyclosporine) and (2) MP alone, which is typically used in systemic rAAV applications. …”
Get full text

Clinical and biochemical features of autoimmune hepatitis in 36 pediatric patients Características clínicas e bioquímicas da hepatite autoimune em 36 pacientes pediátricos by Maria Angela Bellomo-Brandão, Elizete Aparecida Lomazi da Costa-Pinto, Adriana Maria Alves De Tommaso, Gabriel Hessel

“…RESULTS: Treatment with azathioprine and prednisone was successful in patients with type 1 and 2 autoimmune hepatitis. …”
Get full text

Induction and Maintenance Treatment of Lupus Nephritis: A Comprehensive Review of Meta-Analyses by Jae Il Shin, Han Li, Seoyeon Park, Jae Won Yang, Keum Hwa Lee, Yongsuk Jo, Seongeun Park, Jungmin Oh, Hansol Kim, Hyo Jin An, Gahee Jeong, Haerang Jung, Hyun Jung Lee, Jae Seok Kim, Seoung Wan Nam, Ai Koyanagi, Louis Jacob, Jimin Hwang, Dong Keon Yon, Seung-Won Lee, Kalthoum Tizaoui, Andreas Kronbichler, Ji Hong Kim, Lee Smith

“…In maintenance therapy, MMF was superior to azathioprine (AZA) as the MMF-treated patients had lower relapse rate. …”
Get full text

Clinical Determinants of Childhood Onset Systemic Lupus Erythematosus among Early and Peri-Adolescent Age Groups by Meghan Corrigan Nelson, Shanmuganathan Chandrakasan, Lori Ponder, Ignacio Sanz, Baruch Goldberg, Ekemini A. Ogbu, Kelly Rouster-Stevens, Sampath Prahalad

“…We found that early-onset cSLE was associated with a higher prevalence of positive anti-dsDNA antibody at cSLE diagnosis, higher anti-dsDNA antibody titer at cSLE diagnosis, rash, and azathioprine use (<i>p</i> < 0.001, <i>p</i> = 0.004, <i>p</i> = 0.011, and <i>p</i> = 0.008, respectively). …”
Get full text

Factors Predictive for Immunomodulatory Therapy Response and Survival in Patients with Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis—Retrospective Cohort Analysis by Katarzyna B. Lewandowska, Inga Barańska, Małgorzata Sobiecka, Piotr Radwan-Rohrenschef, Małgorzata Dybowska, Monika Franczuk, Adriana Roży, Agnieszka Skoczylas, Iwona Bestry, Jan Kuś, Witold Z. Tomkowski, Monika Szturmowicz

“…Methods: We analyzed the short-term treatment outcome and overall survival in consecutive HP patients treated with prednisone alone or combined with azathioprine. Results: The study group consisted of 93 HP patients, 54 (58%) with fibrotic HP and 39 (42%) with non-fibrotic HP. …”
Get full text

Effect of Immunosuppressive or Immunomodulatory Agents on Severe COVID‐19 Outcomes: A Population‐Based Cohort Study by Shelby Marozoff, Jeremiah Tan, Na Lu, Ayesha Kirmani, Jonathan M. Loree, Hui Xie, Diane Lacaille, Jacek A. Kopec, John M. Esdaile, Bonnie Corradetti, Peter Malone, Cheryl L. Koehn, Philippa Mennell, Alison M. Hoens, J. Antonio Aviña‐Zubieta

“…IIA use within 3 months prior to positive SARS‐CoV‐2 test included conventional disease‐modifying antirheumatic drugs (antimalarials, methotrexate, leflunomide, sulfasalazine, individually), immunosuppressants (azathioprine, mycophenolate mofetil/mycophenolate sodium [MMF], cyclophosphamide, cyclosporine, individually and collectively), tumor necrosis factor inhibitor (TNFi) biologics (adalimumab, certolizumab, etanercept, golimumab, infliximab, collectively), non‐TNFi biologics or targeted synthetic disease‐modifying antirheumatic drugs (tsDMARDs) (rituximab separately from abatacept, anakinra, secukinumab, tocilizumab, tofacitinib and ustekinumab collectively), and glucocorticoids. …”
Get full text

Novel PGM3 mutation in two siblings with combined immunodeficiency and childhood bullous pemphigoid: a case report and review of the literature by Mazdak Fallahi, Mahnaz Jamee, Javad Enayat, Fahimeh Abdollahimajd, Mehrnaz Mesdaghi, Maliheh Khoddami, Anna Segarra-Roca, Alexandra Frohne, Jasmin Dmytrus, Mohammad Keramatipour, Mahboubeh Mansouri, Golnaz Eslamian, Shahrzad Fallah, Kaan Boztug, Zahra Chavoshzadeh

“…Methylprednisolone and azathioprine were added to the regimen, which resulted in a remarkable improvement of the skin lesions and also the feeding condition. …”
Get full text

Pancarditis as the Clinical Presentation of Eosinophilic Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis: A Multimodality Approach to Diagnosis by Michele Lioncino, Emanuele Monda, Santo Dellegrottaglie, Annapaola Cirillo, Martina Caiazza, Adelaide Fusco, Francesca Esposito, Federica Verrillo, Giovanni Ciccarelli, Marta Rubino, Massimo Triggiani, Raffaele Scarpa, Alida Linda Patrizia Caforio, Renzo Marcolongo, Stefania Rizzo, Cristina Basso, Gerardo Nigro, Maria Giovanna Russo, Paolo Golino, Giuseppe Limongelli

“…Treatment with steroids and azathioprine was promptly started. Six months later, the patient developed a relapse: treatment with subcutaneous mepolizumab was added on the top of standard therapy, with prompt disease activity remission. …”
Get full text

Hepatitis E Virus Infection in Patients with Chronic Inflammatory Bowel Disease Treated with Immunosuppressive Therapy by Ilias Kounis, Christophe Renou, Stephane Nahon, Frederic Heluwaert, Gilles Macaigne, Morgane Amil, Stephane Talom, Benedicte Lambare, Claire Charpignon, Thierry Paupard, Monica Stetiu, Marie Pierre Ripault, Armand Yamaga, Florent Ehrhard, Franck Audemar, Maria Carmen Ortiz Correro, David Zanditenas, Florence Skinazi, Helene Agostini, Audrey Coilly, Anne Marie Roque-Afonso

“…IgG-positive patients were older at sampling (<i>p</i> = 0.01) and IBD diagnosis (<i>p</i> = 0.03), had higher seafood consumption (<i>p</i> = 0.01) and higher doses of azathioprine (<i>p</i> = 0.03). Ileal and upper digestive tract involvement was more frequent in IgG-positive patients (<i>p</i> = 0.009), and ileocolic involvement was more frequent in IgG-negative patients (<i>p</i> = 0.01). …”
Get full text

Tacrolimus versus mycophenolate for AutoImmune hepatitis patients with incompLete response On first-line therapy (TAILOR study): a study protocol for a phase III, open-label, multi... by Anna E. C. Stoelinga, Maarten E. Tushuizen, Wilbert B. van den Hout, Mar D. M. Rodriguez Girondo, Elsemieke S. de Vries, Amar D. Levens, Dirk-Jan A. R. Moes, Tom J. G. Gevers, Suzanne van der Meer, Hans T. Brouwer, Hendrik J. M. de Jonge, Ynte S. de Boer, Ulrich H. W. Beuers, Adriaan J. van der Meer, Aad P. van den Berg, Maureen M. J. Guichelaar, Joost P. H. Drenth, Bart van Hoek, on behalf of the Dutch Autoimmune Hepatitis Group

“…First-line treatment consists of a combination of azathioprine and prednisolone. If CR is not reached, tacrolimus (TAC) or mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) can be used as second-line therapy. …”
Get full text

Impact of Geographic Location on Diagnosis and Initial Management of Takayasu Arteritis: A Tale of Two Cohorts from Italy and India by Durga Prasanna Misra, Alessandro Tomelleri, Upendra Rathore, Giovanni Benanti, Kritika Singh, Manas Ranjan Behera, Neeraj Jain, Manish Ora, Dharmendra Singh Bhadauria, Sanjay Gambhir, Sudeep Kumar, Elena Baldissera, Vikas Agarwal, Corrado Campochiaro, Lorenzo Dagna

“…TAK from Italy had been more often treated with methotrexate, leflunomide or azathioprine, as opposed to tacrolimus in TAK from India (<i>p</i> < 0.05). …”
Get full text

Risk-stratified monitoring for thiopurine toxicity in immune-mediated inflammatory diseases: prognostic model development, validation, and, health economic evaluationResearch in co... by Georgina Nakafero, Tim Card, Matthew J. Grainge, Hywel C. Williams, Maarten W. Taal, Guruprasad P. Aithal, Christopher P. Fox, Christian D. Mallen, Danielle A. van der Windt, Matthew D. Stevenson, Richard D. Riley, Abhishek Abhishek

“…Summary: Background: Patients established on thiopurines (e.g., azathioprine) are recommended to undergo three-monthly blood tests for the early detection of blood, liver, or kidney toxicity. …”
Get full text

Intravenous cyclophosphamide therapy for patients with severe ocular inflammatory diseases who failed other immunomodulatory therapies by Irmak Karaca, Elaine M. Tran, SungWho Park, Albert Bromeo, Hassan Khojasteh, Anh Ngọc Tram Tran, Negin Yavari, Amir Akhavanrezayat, Cigdem Yasar, Gunay Uludag Kirimli, Ngoc Tuong Trong Than, Muhammad Hassan, Christopher Or, Hashem Ghoraba, Diana V. Do, Quan Dong Nguyen

“…All the patients had history of previous IMT use including methotrexate (5), mycophenolate mofetil (3), azathioprine (1), tacrolimus (1), adalimumab (2), infliximab (4), and rituximab (1). …”
Get full text