Characteristics of the Gut Microbiota and Potential Effects of Probiotic Supplements in Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes <i>mellitus</i> by Rafael Ballan, Susana Marta Isay Saad

“…Several microbial metabolites and components, such as imidazole propionate, trimethylamine, and lipopolysaccharides, appear to impair insulin signaling, while short-chain fatty acids, secondary bile acids, and tryptophan metabolites may improve it. …”
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Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) as a potential therapeutic target in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and associated syndromes by Apollinariya V. Bogolyubova, Alexander Y. Mayorov, Ekaterina E. Mishina, Anton M. Schwartz, Pavel V. Belousov

“…Recent fundamental and clinical studies demonstrated the important role of the farnesoid receptor (FXR, NR1H4) in the regulation of the metabolism of glucose, lipids and bile acids. This review focuses on the molecular aspects of the pathogenesis of NAFLD, the role of FXR (NR1H4) in the biology of this disease, and the prospects for using different FXR (NR1H4) modulators for therapy of NAFLD and associated conditions such as metabolic syndrome and DM2, as well as a number of other FXR (NR1H4) &ndash; mediated diseases.…”
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Regional Differences in the Components of Luminal Water from Rat Gastrointestinal Tract and Comparison with Other Species. by Yusuke Tanaka, Toshihiro Hara, Ryoichi Waki, Shunji Nagata

“…Purpose. The bile acids, phospholipids, inorganic ions, and pH in luminal fluid are very important factors for the dissolution and oral absorption of solid drugs. …”
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Metabolic bone disease in lion cubs at the London Zoo in 1889: the original animal model of rickets by Chesney Russell W, Hedberg Gail

“…Unlike canine and rodent species, felines are unable to synthesize taurine, yet conjugate bile acids exclusively with taurine; hence, it must be provided in the diet. …”

Ectopic bile duct concomitant with gastric ulcer hemorrhage: report of a case by Yuiko Nagasawa, Masayuki Ohta, Yuki Shitomi, Hiroshi Satoh, Masanori Aramaki

“…In retrospect, an annual endoscopy performed at her family clinic had revealed a bulge in the same portion of the stomach. Exposure to bile acids from an ectopic bile duct opening can cause gastric mucosal damage and ulceration. …”
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Gut Bacteria and Neurotransmitters by Leon M. T. Dicks

“…Gut bacteria play an important role in the digestion of food, immune activation, and regulation of entero-endocrine signaling pathways, but also communicate with the central nervous system (CNS) through the production of specific metabolic compounds, e.g., bile acids, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), glutamate (Glu), γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (NE), serotonin (5-HT) and histamine. …”
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Exploring the Gut Microbiota and Cardiovascular Disease by Kiera Murphy, Aoife N. O’Donovan, Noel M. Caplice, R. Paul Ross, Catherine Stanton

“…The gut microbiota are involved in the production of several metabolites, such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), bile acids and trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO). These products of microbial metabolism are important modulatory factors and have been associated with an increased risk of CVD. …”
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Gut–Liver Axis and Inflammasome Activation in Cholangiocyte Pathophysiology by Luca Maroni, Elisabetta Ninfole, Claudio Pinto, Antonio Benedetti, Marco Marzioni

“…The liver secretes bile acids, which influence the bacterial composition of the gut microbiota and, in turn, are heavily modified by microbial metabolism. …”
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Targeting the Gut Microbiome to Treat Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Fatty Liver Disease: Ready for Prime Time? by Nicolas Lanthier, Nathalie Delzenne

“…Possible mechanisms linking the microbiota and MAFLD are increased intestinal permeability with translocation of microbial products into the portal circulation, but also changes in the bile acids and production of microbial metabolites such as ethanol, short chain fatty acids and amino acid derivatives able to modulate liver metabolism and inflammation. …”
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Diet-gut microbiota interactions on cardiovascular disease by Xufei Zhang, Philippe Gérard

“…In addition, we describe how metabolites produced by the microbiota, including trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), secondary bile acids (BAs), short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) as well as aromatic amino acids (AAAs) derived metabolites play a role in CVD pathogenesis. …”
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Role of traditional Chinese medicine in age-related macular degeneration: exploring the gut microbiota’s influence by Yujia Yu, Yong Liu, Zhaoru Meng

“…Activation of multiple signaling pathways by GM metabolites, including lipopolysaccharides, oxysterols, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and bile acids (BAs), influences retinal physiology. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), known for its multi-component and multi-target advantages, can help treat AMD by altering GM composition and regulating the levels of certain substances, such as lipopolysaccharides, reducing oxysterols, and increasing SCFA and BA contents. …”
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Targeting nuclear receptors for NASH/MASH: From bench to bedside by Rohit A. Sinha

“…Ligands of NRs may include hormones, lipids, bile acids, and synthetic ligands, which upon binding to NRs regulate the transcriptional activities of target genes. …”
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Gut microbiome-associated predictors as biomarkers of response to advanced therapies in inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review by Susanna Meade, Jeremy Liu Chen Kiow, Cristian Massaro, Gurpreet Kaur, Elizabeth Squirell, Brian Bressler, Genelle Lunken

“…We highlight key themes in the literature that may serve as future biomarkers of treatment response: the abundance of fecal SCFA-producing bacteria and opportunistic bacteria, metabolic pathways related to butyrate synthesis, and non-butyrate metabolomic predictors, including bile acids (BAs), amino acids, and lipids, as well as mycobiome predictors of response.…”
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N-Glycosylation of the Na+-Taurocholate Cotransporting Polypeptide (NTCP) Determines Its Trafficking and Stability and Is Required for Hepatitis B Virus Infection. by Appelman, M, Chakraborty, A, Protzer, U, McKeating, J, van de Graaf, S

“…The sodium/bile acid cotransporter NTCP was recently identified as a receptor for hepatitis B virus (HBV). …”

11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-1 deficiency alters the gut microbiome response to Western diet by Johnson, J, Opiyo, M, Thomson, M, Gharbi, K, Seckl, J, Heger, A, Chapman, K

“…The type 1 isozyme, 11β-HSD1, predominantly reactivates glucocorticoids in vivo and can also metabolise bile acids. 11β-HSD1-deficient mice show altered inflammatory responses and are protected against the adverse metabolic effects of a high-fat diet. …”

Comparison of the rating scale and the standard gamble in measuring patient preferences for outcomes of gallstone disease. by Bass, E, Steinberg, E, Pitt, H, Griffiths, R, Lillemoe, K, Saba, G, Johns, C

“…The patients assigned preference values (possible values 0 to 1) to open cholecystectomy (mean 0.45 by rating scale, 0.78 by standard gamble), laparoscopic cholecystectomy (0.71, 0.91), extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy (0.77, 0.89), acute cholecystitis (0.36, 0.77), lifetime biliary colic (0.41, 0.71), postcholecystectomy syndrome (0.43, 0.79), asymptomatic stone necessitating treatment with bile acids (0.76, 0.96), and surgical scar (0.79, 0.998). …”

Gut Microbiota-Related Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms in the Progression of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease by Eunju Park, Jin-Ju Jeong, Sung-Min Won, Satya Priya Sharma, Yoseph Asmelash Gebru, Raja Ganesan, Haripriya Gupta, Ki Tae Suk, Dong Joon Kim

“…In the progression of NAFLD, various microbiota-related molecular and cellular mechanisms, including dysbiosis, leaky bowel, endotoxin, bile acids enterohepatic circulation, metabolites, or alcohol-producing microbiota, are involved. …”
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Plasma metabolomic profiling of patients with diabetes-associated cognitive decline. by Lin Zhang, Meng Li, Libin Zhan, Xiaoguang Lu, Lina Liang, Benli Su, Hua Sui, Zhengnan Gao, Yuzhong Li, Ying Liu, Benhui Wu, Qigui Liu

“…The disorders of sphingolipids metabolism, bile acids metabolism, and uric acid metabolism pathway were found in T2DM and DACD. …”
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Role of Gut Microbiota in Neuroendocrine Regulation of Carbohydrate and Lipid Metabolism via the Microbiota-Gut-Brain-Liver Axis by Shu-Zhi Wang, Yi-Jing Yu, Khosrow Adeli

“…Gut microbiota can regulate levels of these gut peptides to influence the vagal afferent pathway and thus regulate intestinal metabolism via the microbiota-gut-brain axis. In addition, bile acids, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), and Immunoglobulin A (IgA) can also exert metabolic control through the microbiota-gut-liver axis. …”
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Mucosal Interactions Between Genetics, Diet And Microbiome In Inflammatory Bowel Diseases by Abigail Basson, Ashely Trotter, Alex Rodriguez-Palacios, Fabio Cominelli

“…Here we highlight some of such factors that merit consideration, namely; 1) the contribution of host genetics and diet in altering gut microbiome, and in turn, the crosstalk among secondary metabolic pathways; 2) the interdependence between the amount of dietary fat, the fatty acid composition, the effects of timing and route of administration on gut microbiota community, and the impact of microbiota-derived fatty acids; 3) the effect of diet on bile acid composition, and the modulator role of bile acids on the gut microbiota; 4) the impact of endogenous and exogenous intestinal micronutrients and metabolites, and 5) the need to consider food associated toxins and chemicals which can introduce confounding immune modulating elements (e.g., antioxidant and phytochemicals in oils and proteins). …”
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