Structural Biology and Molecular Modeling to Analyze the Entry of Bacterial Toxins and Virulence Factors into Host Cells by Irène Pitard, Thérèse E Malliavin

“…Here, we examine two different cases: (i) the endosomal translocation toxins (diphtheria, tetanus, botulinum toxins) and (ii) the activation of adenylyl cyclase inside the cytoplasm (edema factor, CyA, ExoY).…”
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Facial eccrine angiomatous hamartoma in a 52-year-old woman: A case report by Shaymaa M Ahmad, Tariq Mohammad, Ahmad ML Elsebaey

“…We report a case of a 52-year-old woman with eccrine angiomatous hamartoma on the face and share our experience with botulinum toxins in the treatment of this condition.…”
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Bacterial Toxins, Current Perspectives by Michel R. Popoff

“…Certain pathogenic bacteria synthesize only one toxin which is responsible for all the symptoms and outcome of the disease. For example, botulinum toxins (BoNTs) and tetanus toxin (TeNT) are the unique causal factors of botulism and tetanus, respectively. …”
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Septic shock due to Clostridium botulinum: a case report by P. M. L. Zomer, M. J. A. Kamps

“…Blood and synovial fluid cultures showed Clostridium botulinum. No botulinum toxins were found. Conclusion This is a rare case of fatal septic shock due to Clostridium botulinum-induced septic arthritis without any sign of the classic clinical syndrome of botulism.…”
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Biodefense : research methodology and animal models / by Swearengen, James R.

Engineering Botulinum Neurotoxins for Enhanced Therapeutic Applications and Vaccine Development by Christine Rasetti-Escargueil, Michel R. Popoff

“…This review summarizes current knowledge related to engineering of botulinum toxins, with particular emphasis on their potential therapeutic applications for pain management and for retargeting to non-neuronal tissues. …”
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Role of endoscopy in patients with achalasia by So Young Han, Young Hoon Youn

“…The preference for endoscopic treatment is increasing owing to its minimal invasiveness. Botulinum toxins, pneumatic balloon dilation, and peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) are important endoscopic treatments. …”
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Exploiting Botulinum Neurotoxins for the Study of Brain Physiology and Pathology by Matteo Caleo, Laura Restani

“…In this review, we describe the actions of botulinum toxins after direct delivery to the central nervous system (CNS), where BoNTs block exocytosis of several transmitters, with near-complete silencing of neural networks. …”
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Proteomic Methods of Detection and Quantification of Protein Toxins by Miloslava Duracova, Jana Klimentova, Alena Fucikova, Jiri Dresler

“…Special emphasis is given to toxins falling into a group of selected agents, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, such as Staphylococcal enterotoxins, Bacillus anthracis toxins, Clostridium botulinum toxins, Clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin, ricin from Ricinus communis, Abrin from Abrus precatorius or control of trade in dual-use items in the European Union, including lesser known protein toxins such as Viscumin from Viscum album. …”
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An Integrated Pharmacophore/Docking/3D-QSAR Approach to Screening a Large Library of Products in Search of Future Botulinum Neurotoxin A Inhibitors by Davide Gentile, Giuseppe Floresta, Vincenzo Patamia, Rita Chiaramonte, Giulia Letizia Mauro, Antonio Rescifina, Michele Vecchio

“…Botulinum toxins are neurotoxins produced by <i>Clostridium botulinum</i>. …”
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Preclinical characterization of the efficacy and safety of biologic N-001 as a novel pain analgesic for post-operative acute pain treatment by Derek Allen, Samerender Nagam Hanumantharao, Rylie McDonell, Karen-Amanda Irvine, Peyman Sahbaie, David Clark, Paul Blum

“…N-001 is a novel protein analgesic engineered from several C. Botulinum toxins. N-001 targets sensory neurons through ganglioside GT1b binding and ADP-ribosylates G-actin reducing actin remodeling. …”
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Molecular Diversity of BoNT-Producing Clostridia—A Still-Emerging and Challenging Problem by Tomasz Grenda, Aleksandra Jarosz, Magdalena Sapała, Karol Stasiak, Anna Grenda, Piotr Domaradzki, Krzysztof Kwiatek

“…Despite this, the historical designation of <i>C. botulinum</i> as the one species that produces botulinum toxins is still exploited. New genetic tools such as whole-genome sequencing (WGS) indicate horizontal gene transfer and the occurrence of botulinum gene clusters that are not limited only to <i>Clostridium</i> spp., but also to Gram-negative aerobic species. …”
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Immunologic and Protective Properties of Subunit- vs. Whole Toxoid-Derived Anti-Botulinum Equine Antitoxin by Alon Ben David, Ada Barnea, Amram Torgeman, Eran Diamant, Eyal Dor, Arieh Schwartz, Osnat Rosen, Noa Caspi, Miki Saraf, Elad Lerer, Yaakov Adar, Edith Lupo, Einat Toister, Ran Zichel

“…In vivo, SDA and TDA showed similar efficacy when administered to guinea pigs postexposure to a lethal dose of botulinum toxins. Collectively, the results of the current study suggest that recombinant BoNT subunits may replace botulinum toxoids as efficient and safe antigens for the preparation of pharmaceutical anti-botulinum equine antitoxins.…”
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Stable silencing of SNAP-25 in PC12 cells by RNA interference by Herring Bruce E, Cahill Anne L, Fox Aaron P

“…Its role in exocytosis has been studied in SNAP-25 knockout mice, in lysed synaptosomes lacking functional SNAP-25 and in cells after treatment with botulinum toxins A or E that specifically cleave SNAP-25. …”
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Clinical characteristics of foodborne botulism in the southern region of the Kyrgyz Republic by S. T. Salieva, S. T. Zholdoshev

“…High prevalence of type A and untypeable C. botulinum toxins along with type B species in the southern region accounts for its severe course. …”
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OnabotulinumtoxinA Dosing, Disease Severity, and Treatment Benefit in Patients With Cervical Dystonia: A Cohort Analysis From CD PROBE by Pinky Agarwal, Pinky Agarwal, Richard Barbano, Henry Moore, Marc Schwartz, Aleksej Zuzek, Marjan Sadeghi, Atul Patel, Atul Patel

“…Data were stratified according to prior exposure to botulinum toxins (BoNTs) and analyzed with descriptive statistics.ResultsTorticollis was the most common presentation subtype in the study cohort (N = 350); the proportion of patients with torticollis was highest in those with severe disease. …”
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