Stress Effects of Chlorate on Longan (Dimocarpus longan Lour.) Trees: Changes in Nitrogen and Carbon Nutrition by Jiemei LU, Ruitao YANG, Huicong WANG, Xuming HUANG

“…The damage was reflected by the destruction of thylakoids and grana in the chloroplasts. Chlorate also caused depletion of starch with significant accumulation of soluble sugars in the leaves. …”
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Transmembrane potential, an indicator in situ reporting cellular senescence and stress response in plant tissues by Hai Liu, Yufei Li, Ting Peng, Shaowu Xue

“…We further examined the TMP of plant chloroplasts, which also indicates the senescence signal in organelles. …”
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Intra and Extracellular Journey of the Phytohormone Salicylic Acid by Israel Maruri-López, Norma Yaniri Aviles-Baltazar, Norma Yaniri Aviles-Baltazar, Antony Buchala, Mario Serrano

“…The first, takes place in the cytosol, while the second occurs in the chloroplasts. Once synthesized, free SA levels are regulated by a number of chemical modifications that produce inactive forms, including glycosylation, methylation and hydroxylation to dihydroxybenzoic acids. …”
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Enhanced Biomass Yield of and Saccharification in Transgenic Tobacco Over-Expressing β-Glucosidase by Eun Jin Cho, Quynh Anh Nguyen, Yoon Gyo Lee, Younho Song, Bok Jae Park, Hyeun-Jong Bae

“…Here, we report an increase in biomass yield and saccharification in transgenic tobacco plants (<i>Nicotiana tabacum</i> <i>L</i>.) overexpressing thermostable β-glucosidase from <i>Thermotoga maritima</i>, <i>BglB</i>, targeted to the chloroplasts and vacuoles. The transgenic tobacco plants showed phenotypic characteristics that were significantly different from those of the wild-type plants. …”
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Leaf Scorching following Foliar Fertilization of Wheat with Urea or Urea–Ammonium Nitrate Is Caused by Ammonium Toxicity by Saulo Augusto Quassi de Castro, Thomas Kichey, Daniel Pergament Persson, Jan Kofod Schjoerring

“…Moreover, the activity of glutamine synthetase (GS), most pronouncedly that of the chloroplastic isoform (GS2), decreased a few hours after the application of high N-concentrations. …”
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Parallel Differentiation and Plastic Adjustment of Leaf Anatomy in Alpine <i>Arabidopsis arenosa</i> Ecotypes by Clara Bertel, Dominik Kaplenig, Maria Ralser, Erwann Arc, Filip Kolář, Guillaume Wos, Karl Hülber, Andreas Holzinger, Ilse Kranner, Gilbert Neuner

“…In alpine populations, leaves were thicker, with altered proportions of palisade and spongy parenchyma, and had fewer trichomes, and chloroplasts contained large starch grains with less stacked grana thylakoids compared to foothill populations. …”
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Functional update of the auxiliary proteins PsbW, PsbY, HCF136, PsbN, TerC and ALB3 in maintenance and assembly of PSII by Magdalena ePlöchinger, Serena eSchwenkert, Lotta evon Sydow, Wolfgang P Schröder, Jörg eMeurer

“…Owing to the high evolutionary conservation of the subunit composition and the three-dimensional structure of the PSII complex, most plant factors involved in the biogenesis of PSII originated from cyanobacteria and only rarely evolved de novo. Furthermore, in chloroplasts the initial assembly steps occur in the non-appressed stroma lamellae, whereas the final assembly including the attachment of the major LHCII antenna proteins takes place in the grana regions. …”
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Nanobionics for sustainable crop production: Recent development to regulate plant growth and protection strategies from pests by Rakesh Bhaskar, Surya Prakash Pandey, Umesh Kumar, Hyunjin Kim, Santhosh Kumar Jayakodi, Mukesh Kumar Gupta, Sung Soo Han

“…The interface between nanostructured materials and plant cell organelles, such as chloroplasts, and has been recently found to have potential to impart organelles with new functions and enhanced performances. …”
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Phylogenetics and Biogeography of <em>Lilium ledebourii</em> from the Hyrcanian Forest by Shekoofeh Shokrollahi, Hamed Yousefzadeh, Christian Parisod, Gholamali Heshmati, Hamid Bina, Shujait Ali, Narjes Amirchakhmaghi, Yigang Song

“…Phylogenetic trees based on nuclear ITS and chloroplastic matK strongly supported the monophyly of the genus <i>Lilium</i> and division into subclades hardly matching prior morphological classifications. …”
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Plastid Glycerol-3-phosphate Acyltransferase Enhanced Plant Growth and Prokaryotic Glycerolipid Synthesis in <i>Brassica napus</i> by Huiling Kang, Chenxi Jia, Nian Liu, Alfatih Alamin Alhussain Aboagla, Wenling Chen, Wei Gong, Shaohua Tang, Yueyun Hong

“…BnATS1 is localized in chloroplasts and an in vitro assay showed that BnATS1 had acylation activity toward glycerol 3-phosphate to produce LPA. …”
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Transcriptome Analysis of the Responses of Rice Leaves to Chilling and Subsequent Recovery by Zhong Li, Muhammad Umar Khan, Puleng Letuma, Yuebin Xie, Wenshan Zhan, Wei Wang, Yuhang Jiang, Wenxiong Lin, Zhixing Zhang

“…The subcellular localization demonstrated that most proteins were located in the chloroplasts (29.30%), cytosol (10.19%), and nucleus (10.19%). …”
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Cytological and Transcriptomic Analysis Provide Insights into the Formation of Variegated Leaves in <i>Ilex × altaclerensis</i> ‘Belgica Aurea’ by Qiang Zhang, Jing Huang, Peng Zhou, Mingzhuo Hao, Min Zhang

“…The results showed that no obvious differences in histology were noticed between yellow and variegated leaves, however, ruptured thylakoid membranes and altered ultrastructure of chloroplasts were found in yellow leaves (yellow) and yellow sectors of the variegated leaves (variegation). …”
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Saline Stress Impairs Lipid Storage Mobilization during Germination in <i>Eruca sativa</i> by Emilio Corti, Sara Falsini, Silvia Schiff, Corrado Tani, Cristina Gonnelli, Alessio Papini

“…The cotyledons of treated seedlings showed reduced intercellular spaces and ultrastructural changes in chloroplasts and peroxisomes. Moreover, salt-induced autophagic processes were present in samples grown at the highest NaCl levels. …”
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Modelling of the Citrus CCD4 Family Members: In Silico Analysis of Membrane Binding and Substrate Preference by Jorge Cantero, Fabio Polticelli, Margot Paulino

“…Citrus CCD4s enzymes could be capable of interacting with the thylakoid membrane inside chloroplasts. However, to date, this interaction has not been studied in detail. …”
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The CaALAD Gene From Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) Confers Chilling Stress Tolerance in Transgenic Arabidopsis Plants by Huiping Wang, Zeci Liu, Jianming Xie, Jing Li, Jing Zhang, Jihua Yu, Linli Hu, Guobin Zhang

“…Subcellular localization indicated that the CaALAD protein is mainly localized to the chloroplasts. After transferring CaALAD into the Arabidopsis thaliana genome, cold tolerance of the transgenic lines improved. …”
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Viroids: Non-Coding Circular RNAs Able to Autonomously Replicate and Infect Higher Plants by Beltrán Ortolá, José-Antonio Daròs

“…We describe the highly base-paired viroid molecules that fold in rod-like or branched structures and viroid taxonomic classification in two families, <i>Pospiviroidae</i> and <i>Avsunviroidae</i>, likely gathering nuclear and chloroplastic viroids, respectively. We review current knowledge about viroid replication through RNA-to-RNA rolling-circle mechanisms in which host factors, notably RNA transporters, RNA polymerases, RNases, and RNA ligases, are involved. …”
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The effect of induced polyploidy on phytochemistry, cellular organelles and the expression of genes involved in thymol and carvacrol biosynthetic pathway in thyme (Thymus vulgaris) by Valiollah Mohammadi, Samaneh Talebi, Masoumeh Ahmadnasab, Hossein Mollahassanzadeh

“…Tetraploid plants had larger leaves, taller and thicker stems, dense branching, longer trichome, larger stomata, larger guard cells, and decreased number of stomata. The number of chloroplasts and mitochondria increased significantly in tetraploid plants by 1.66 and 1.63 times, respectively. …”
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Sexual reproduction and auxospore development in the diatom Biddulphia biddulphiana. by Irena Kaczmarska, James M Ehrman, Matt P Ashworth

“…A unique spermatogenesis occurs with premeiotic separation of an anucleate protoplast containing all chloroplasts and likely other organelles. Additionally, their auxospore walls are some of the most complex documented, retaining earlier deposited layers that obscure layers formed during later stages of development. …”
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Magnesium Signaling in Plants by Leszek A. Kleczkowski, Abir U. Igamberdiev

“…In compartments controlled by AK equilibrium (cytosol, chloroplasts, mitochondria, nucleus), the intracellular [Mg²⁺] can be calculated from total adenylate contents, based on the dependence of the apparent equilibrium constant of AK on [Mg²⁺]. …”
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Molecular insights into the mechanisms of a leaf color mutant in Anoectochilus roxburghii by gene mapping and transcriptome profiling based on PacBio Sequel II by Huiming Huang, Hui Zou, Hongting Lin, Yimin Dai, Jiangbo Lin

“…Our findings suggested that the mutant ‘arly01’ was a partial albinism of A. roxburghii, characterized by the underdevelopment of chloroplasts, low contents of photosynthetic and other color pigments, and a number of down-regulated genes and metabolites. …”
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