The NADPH-dependent thioredoxin system constitutes a functional backup for cytosolic glutathione reductase in Arabidopsis by Marty, L, Siala, W, Schwarzländer, M, Fricker, M, Wirtz, M, Sweetlove, L, Meyer, Y, Meyer, A, Reichheld, J, Hell, R

“…GSSG is normally reduced to GSH by 2 glutathione reductase (GR) isoforms encoded in the <em>Arabidopsis</em> genome, cytosolic GR1 and GR2 dual-targeted to chloroplasts and mitochondria. Measurements of total GR activity in leaf extracts of wild-type and 2 gr1 deletion mutants revealed that ≈65% of the total GR activity is attributed to GR1, whereas ≈35% is contributed by GR2. …”

The NADPH-dependent thioredoxin system constitutes a functional backup for cytosolic glutathione reductase in Arabidopsis. by Marty, L, Siala, W, Schwarzländer, M, Fricker, M, Wirtz, M, Sweetlove, L, Meyer, Y, Meyer, A, Reichheld, J, Hell, R

“…GSSG is normally reduced to GSH by 2 glutathione reductase (GR) isoforms encoded in the Arabidopsis genome, cytosolic GR1 and GR2 dual-targeted to chloroplasts and mitochondria. Measurements of total GR activity in leaf extracts of wild-type and 2 gr1 deletion mutants revealed that approximately 65% of the total GR activity is attributed to GR1, whereas approximately 35% is contributed by GR2. …”

Anatomy and ultrastructure of embryonic leaves of the C4 species Setaria viridis by Junqueira, N, Silva, B, Leal-Costa, M, Alves-Ferreira, M, Dickinson, H, Langdale, J, Reinert, F

“…At the tip of P3 primordia at stage S4, C4 leaf anatomy typical of the malate dehydrogenase-dependent nicotinamide dinucleotide phosphate (NADP-ME) subtype was evident in that vascular bundles lacked a mestome layer and were surrounded by a single layer of bundle sheath cells that contained large, centrifugally located chloroplasts. Two to three mesophyll cells separated adjacent vascular bundles and one mesophyll cell layer on each of the abaxial and adaxial sides delimited vascular bundles from the epidermis. …”

Single-frequency sound wave delays tomato (solanum iycopersicum) ripening by suppressing respiration and regulates lycopene / Muhammad Afiq Azman by Azman, Muhammad Afiq

“…The transition of chloroplasts into chromoplasts is driven by enzymatic action that results in the loss of green coloration among tomatoes. …”
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DNA barcoding for authentication of Orthosiphon Aristatus herbal medicinal products by Goh, Jonathan Jia En

“…In this study, DNA barcoding was applied for authenticating six Orthosiphon aristatus HMPs that consisted of four monoherbal tea products and two polyherbal capsule products using chloroplastic (rbcL) and nuclear (ITS2) barcodes. Genomic DNA (gDNA) was extracted from Orthosiphon aristatus plant (MKP) and five HMPs but only rbcL and ITS2 barcodes of MKP and two HMPs (MKT 1 and MKC 1) were able to be amplified, direct sequenced and verified. …”
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Interfacing living plants with nanomaterials for in planta sensing and plant biotechnology applications by Salim Lew, Tedrick Thomas.

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Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Analysis of Pseudouridine Synthase Family in <i>Arabidopsis</i> and Maize by Yuting Xie, Yeting Gu, Guangping Shi, Jianliang He, Wenjing Hu, Zhonghui Zhang

“…Subcellular localization analysis of representative AtPUSs and ZmPUSs in each subfamily revealed that PUS proteins were localized in different organelles including nucleus, cytoplasm and chloroplasts. Transcriptional expression analysis indicated that <i>AtPUSs</i> and <i>ZmPUSs</i> were differentially expressed in various tissues and diversely responsive to abiotic stresses, especially suggesting their potential roles in response to heat and salt stresses. …”
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Characteristics of powdery mildew [Sawadaea bicornis (Wallr.) Miyabe] influence on the photosynthetic process in Norway maple (Acer platanoides L.) seedlings by Anna Alexeyeva, Kyrylo Holoborodko, Iryna Ivanko, Olexandr Zhukov, Iryna Loza

“…The high informativeness of induction changes in chlorophyll fluorescence in the structural organisation of chloroplasts in Norway maple leaves determined by the parameters Fo, Fm, Fv, Fv/Fо, Fv/Fm, (Fm - Fst)/Fst, (Fp - Fо)/Fv was revealed. …”
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Potato <i>Stu-miR398b-3p</i> Negatively Regulates Cu/Zn-SOD Response to Drought Tolerance by Zhiyong Zheng, Jiangwei Yang, Xiaofeng Wang, Ning Zhang, Huaijun Si

“…Cu/Zn SOD is a kind of SOD antioxidant enzyme that is mostly found in higher plants’ cytoplasm and chloroplasts. Other studies have demonstrated the significance of the miR398s family of miRNAs in the response of plants to environmental stress. …”
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Genome-wide identification of TPS genes in sesame and analysis of their expression in response to abiotic stresses by Wangyi Zhou, Chen Sheng, Senouwa Segla Koffi Dossou, Zhijian Wang, Shengnan Song, Jun You, Linhai Wang

“…SiTPSs were found to be unevenly distributed on five out of 13 sesame chromosomes and were predicted to be localized in chloroplasts and vacuoles of cells. Phylogenetic analysis classified SiTPS proteins into two groups (I and II), which was supported by gene structure and conserved motif analyses. …”
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Stabilization of Natural Pigments in Ethanolic Solutions for Food Applications: The Case Study of <i>Chlorella vulgaris</i> by Andreia S. Ferreira, Liliana Pereira, Feliciana Canfora, Tiago H. Silva, Manuel A. Coimbra, Cláudia Nunes

“…However, chlorophylls tend to easily degrade when out of the chloroplasts, decreasing their potential as a food ingredient. …”
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Comparative transcriptome analysis of differentially expressed genes related to the physiological changes of yellow-green leaf mutant of maize by Tingchun Li, Huaying Yang, Yan Lu, Qing Dong, Guihu Liu, Feng Chen, Yingbing Zhou

“…Chlorophylls, green pigments in chloroplasts, are essential for photosynthesis. Reduction in chlorophyll content may result in retarded growth, dwarfism, and sterility. …”
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Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of the chlorophyll a/b binding protein gene family in oilseed (Brassica napus L.) under salt stress conditions by Tianyuan Xue, Heping Wan, Jingdong Chen, Sixiao He, Chunzi Lujin, Mang Xia, Shanshan Wang, Xigang Dai, Changli Zeng

“…Comparative evaluation between non-salt (NS:0) and salt-treated (TS: 1) rapeseed plants revealed significant inhibition in leaf chlorophyll content, biomass (W), leaf area (LA), root surface area (RA), as well as chloroplasts and roots under salt treatment. Furthermore, qPCR was employed to assess the relative expression levels of BnLhc genes associated with salt tolerance. …”
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Identification of Biomarkers for Resistance to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense Infection and in Silico Studies in Musa paradisiaca Cultivar Puttabale through Proteomic Approach by Venkatesh Ramu, Krishna Venkatarangaiah, Pradeepa Krishnappa, Santosh Kumar Shimoga Rajanna, Nagaraja Deeplanaik, Anup Chandra Pal, Kukkundoor Ramachandra Kini

“…The protein-ligand docking of the Peptide methionine sulfoxide reductase chloroplastic-like protein (PMSRc) with the ligand β-1,3 glucan showed minimum binding energy (−6.48 kcal/mol) and docking energy (−8.2 kcal/mol) with an interaction of nine amino-acid residues. …”
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ROS-Scavenging Enzymes as an Antioxidant Response to High Concentration of Anthracene in the Liverwort <i>Marchantia polymorpha</i> L by Nahuel Spinedi, Romina Storb, Elisabet Aranda, Facundo Romani, Maya Svriz, Santiago A. Varela, Javier E. Moreno, Sebastian Fracchia, Juan Cabrera, Ramón Alberto Batista-García, Inés Ponce de León, J. Martín Scervino

“…We found an anthracene dose-dependent response reducing plant biomass and associated to an alteration of the ultrastructure of a 23.6% of chloroplasts. Despite a reduction in total thallus-chlorophyll of 31.6% of Chl <i>a</i> and 38.4% of Chl <i>b</i>, this was not accompanied by a significant change in the net photosynthesis rate and maximum quantum efficiency (<i>Fv/Fm</i>). …”
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Chinese Cabbage <i>BrCAP</i> Has Potential Resistance against <i>Plasmodiophora brassicae</i> by Jiawei Zou, Shiqi Gao, Bo Zhang, Wenjie Ge, Jing Zhang, Ruiqin Ji

“…Subcellular localization showed that <i>BrCAP</i> was localized on chloroplasts of leaf epidermal cells. To verify the function of <i>BrCAP</i>, it was found that the <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> mutant <i>cap</i> was more susceptible to infection with <i>P. brassicae</i> than the wild type (WT), which suggested that <i>BrCAP</i> has a potential role in the resistance progress of Chinese cabbage to <i>P. brassicae</i>.…”
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Developmental morphology of bud galls induced on the vegetative meristems of <em>Quercus castanea</em> by <em>Amphibolips michoacaensis</em> (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae). by Paulina Hernández Soto, Miguel Lara-Flores, Lourdes Agredano-Moreno, Luis Felipe Jiménez-García, Pablo Cuevas-Reyes, Ken Oyama

“…During later growth stages, the spongy cells are enucleate and enucleolate. Chloroplasts occur in the epidermal cells during early stages of growth, indicating that galls are photosynthetically active in early stages of growth. …”
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Adaptive Morphophysiological Features of <i>Neottia ovata</i> (Orchidaceae) Contributing to Its Natural Colonization on Fly Ash Deposits by Maria Maleva, Galina Borisova, Nadezhda Chukina, Olga Sinenko, Elena Filimonova, Natalia Lukina, Margarita Glazyrina

“…The adaptive changes in the leaf mesostructure of <i>N. ovata</i> such as an increase in epidermis thickness, the number of chloroplasts in the cell, and the internal assimilating surface were found for the first time. …”
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Feeding spinach thylakoids to rats modulates the gut microbiota, decreases food intake and affects the insulin response by Caroline Montelius, Nadia Osman, Björn Weström, Siv Ahrné, Göran Molin, Per-Åke Albertsson, Charlotte Erlanson-Albertsson

“…Thylakoid membranes derived from green leaf chloroplasts affect appetite-regulating hormones, suppress food intake, reduce blood lipids and lead to a decreased body weight in animals and human subjects. …”
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Abscisic Acid Regulates Carbohydrate Metabolism, Redox Homeostasis and Hormonal Regulation to Enhance Cold Tolerance in Spring Barley by Junhong Guo, Gerrit T. S. Beemster, Fulai Liu, Zongming Wang, Xiangnan Li

“…Most of the differentially abundant proteins were involved in the processes of photosynthesis and metabolisms of starch, sucrose, carbon, and glutathione. The chloroplasts in <i>Az34</i> leaves were more severely damaged, and the decrease in Fv/Fm was larger in <i>Az34</i> plants compared with WT under low temperature. …”
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