Risk of malignancy in cytologically indeterminate thyroid nodules harboring thyroid stimulating hormone receptor mutations by Dorota Whitmer, John E. Phay, Shelby Holt, Benjamin O’Donnell, Jay Nguyen, Dennis Joseph, Anthony Chi, Shuyang Wu, Yangyang Hao, Jing Huang, Joshua P. Klopper, Richard T. Kloos, Giulia C. Kennedy, Giulia C. Kennedy, Giulia C. Kennedy, Joyce Shin

“…This prompted a dedicated evaluation of transmembrane codons which revealed a malignancy rate of 10.7% among GSC-S nodules. …”
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The Q/R editing site of AMPA receptor GluA2 subunit acts as an epigenetic switch regulating dendritic spines, neurodegeneration and cognitive deficits in Alzheimer’s disease by Amanda L. Wright, Lyndsey M. Konen, Bruce G. Mockett, Gary P. Morris, Anurag Singh, Lisseth Estefania Burbano, Luke Milham, Monica Hoang, Raphael Zinn, Rose Chesworth, Richard P. Tan, Gordon A. Royle, Ian Clark, Steven Petrou, Wickliffe C. Abraham, Bryce Vissel

“…Methods We engineered mice with the ‘edited’ arginine codon (CGG) in place of the unedited glutamine codon (CAG) at position 607 of the Gria2 gene. …”
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Discovery and Characterization of a Novel Tomato <i>mlo</i> Mutant from an EMS Mutagenized Micro-Tom Population by Zhe Yan, Michela Appiano, Ageeth van Tuinen, Fien Meijer-Dekens, Danny Schipper, Dongli Gao, Robin Huibers, Richard G. F. Visser, Yuling Bai, Anne-Marie A. Wolters

“…The SNP results in a premature stop codon L22* located in the first transmembrane domain of the complete SlMLO1 protein. …”
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Intermittent preventive treatment in pregnancy with sulfadoxine–pyrimethamine and parasite resistance: cross-sectional surveys from antenatal care visit and delivery in rural Ghana... by Atikatou Mama, Charity Ahiabor, Bernard Tornyigah, Naa Adjeley Frempong, Kwadwo A. Kusi, Bright Adu, David Courtin, Sandrine Houzé, Philippe Deloron, Michael F. Ofori, Abraham K. Anang, Frédéric Ariey, Nicaise Tuikue Ndam

“…The Pfdhfr/Pfdhps quintuple mutant IRNI-A/FGKAA was the most prevalent (46.7%) haplotype found and the nonsynonymous Pfdhps mutation at codon A581G was higher at delivery among post-SP treatment isolates (40.6%) compared to those of first ANC (10.22%). …”
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Untying the Gordian knot of plastid phylogenomic conflict: A case from ferns by Ting Wang, Ting Wang, Ting-Zhang Li, Ting-Zhang Li, Si-Si Chen, Tuo Yang, Jiang-Ping Shu, Yu-Nong Mu, Kang-Lin Wang, Jian-Bing Chen, Jian-Ying Xiang, Yue-Hong Yan, Yue-Hong Yan

“…The topology of the “CDS-codon-align-rm3” (CDS with the removal of the third codon) matrix was selected as the primary reference or summary tree. …”
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Comparative Analysis of the Chloroplast Genomes of Eight Species of the Genus <i>Lirianthe</i> Spach with Its Generic Delimitation Implications by Tao Wu, Yong-Kang Sima, Shao-Yu Chen, Yu-Pin Fu, Hui-Fen Ma, Jia-Bo Hao, Yun-Feng Zhu

“…Gene annotation revealed that the chloroplast genomes contained 85 protein-coding genes, 37 tRNA genes, and 8 rRNA genes, totaling 130 genes. Codon usage analysis indicated that codon usage was highly conserved among the eight <i>Lirianthe</i> species. …”
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Downstream Alternate Start Site Allows N-Terminal Nonsense Variants to Escape NMD and Results in Functional Recovery by Readthrough and Modulator Combination by Alyssa Bowling, Alice Eastman, Christian Merlo, Gabrielle Lin, Natalie West, Shivani Patel, Garry Cutting, Neeraj Sharma

“…Genetic variants that introduce premature termination codons (PTCs) have remained difficult to therapeutically target due to lack of protein product. …”
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Detection of β-Globin Gene Polymorphisms Using Real Time PCR-High Resolution Melting Method in Selected Iranian β-Thalassemia Patients by Marashi, Syed Jalal

“…Thus, IVS-II-I (G-A) (25.4%), is followed,based on frequency, with IVS-I-110(G-A) (15.4%), IVS-I-5(G-C) (13.3%), FSC-8/9(5.8%), FSC-36/37 (4.6%), Codon 30 ( 2.5%), IVS-I-6(T-C) (2.1%), IVS-I-1(GA) (0.8%). …”
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Von Hippel–Lindau Disease (VHL): Characteristic Lesions with Classic Imaging Findings by Suryansh Bajaj, Darshan Gandhi, Divya Nayar, Ali Serhal

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Von Hippel-Lindau is Associated to Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors: A Comprehensive Review by Danilo Coco, Silvana Leanza

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Biosynthesis and functions of sulfur modifications in tRNA by Naoki eShigi

“…Earlier studies established the functions of these modifications for accurate and efficient translation, including proper recognition of the codons in mRNA or stabilization of tRNA structure. …”
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The complete mitochondrial genome of Engyodontium album and comparative analyses with Ascomycota mitogenomes by Xiao-Long Yuan, Xin-Xin Mao, Xin-Min Liu, Sen Cheng, Peng Zhang, Zhong-Feng Zhang

“…The most frequently used codon of protein-coding genes was UAU. Isoleucine was identified as the most common amino acid, while proline was the least common amino acid in protein-coding genes. …”
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Complete mitochondrial genome of Aleochara (Aleochara) curtula (Goeze, 1777) (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) by Chan-Jun Lee, Ji-Wook Kim, Jeesoo Yi, Yeon‐Jae Choi, Sangil Kim, Mi-Jeong Jeon, Jong-Seok Park, Sung-Jin Cho

“…Most PCGs use typical mitochondrial stop codon (TAR) except for cox3, which uses a single T residue. …”
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Methionine: An Indispensable Amino Acid in Cellular Metabolism and Health of Atlantic Salmon by M. Espe, A. C. Adam, T. Saito, K. H. Skjærven

“…Moreover, methionine is the start codon for every protein being synthetized and thereby serves an important role in initiating translation. …”
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The first mitochondrial genome for the subfamily Podopinae (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) and its phylogenetic implications by Juan Wang, Li Zhang, Xing-Zhuo Yang, Min-Qiang Zhou, Ming-Long Yuan

“…The genome size, gene arrangement, A + T content, codon usage and secondary structures of 22 tRNAs of the G. rubrolineata mitogenome were similar to that of other sequenced pentatomoids. …”
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The first mitochondrial genome of the sepsid fly Nemopoda mamaevi Ozerov, 1997 (Diptera: Sciomyzoidea: Sepsidae), with mitochondrial genome phylogeny of cyclorrhapha. by Xuankun Li, Shuangmei Ding, Stephen L Cameron, Zehui Kang, Yuyu Wang, Ding Yang

“…These re-annotations were based on comparative analysis of homologous genes, and provide a statistical analysis of start and stop codon positions. We further detected two 18 bp of conserved intergenic sequences from tRNAGlu-tRNAPhe and ND1-tRNASer(UCN) across Cyclorrhapha, which are the mtTERM binding site motifs. …”
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Identification of a Novel Mutation of Extracellular Matrix Protein 1 Gene in a Chinese Family with Lipoid Proteinosis by Xu M, Zhou J, Yan J, Wang J

“…The novel mutation (c.1081G>T) led to a termination codon at position 361 and caused nonsense-mediated mRNA decay and lost the function. …”
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The mitochondrial genome of an ectoparasitoid wasp, Habrobracon hebetor (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Braconinae) by Hao Su, Baoqian Lyu, Rui Meng, Hui Lu, Jihong Tang

“…Eight PCGs used the typical stop codon ‘TAA’, five PCGs terminated with incomplete stop codons (T). …”
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Phylodynamics of the emergence of influenza viruses after cross-species transmission. by Leila Rahnama, Stéphane Aris-Brosou

“…Here we present a novel method to characterize the time it takes to G+C composition at third codon positions (GC3 content) of influenza viruses to adjust to that of a new host. …”
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Biological causal links on physiological and evolutionary time scales by Amit Karmon, Yitzhak Pilpel

“…We analyse several examples from modern biology that demonstrate this bias (codon usage optimality and gene expression, gene duplication and genetic dispensability, stem cell division and cancer risk, and the microbiome and host metabolism) and also discuss an example from linguistics. …”
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