Complete mitogenome and phylogenetic analysis of Oryzias celebensis (Teleostei: Beloniformes) by Jiangru Ma, Shuisheng Long, Zhongduo Wang

“…Among the PCGs, ATG was used as the initiation codon, except for GTG in the COI gene. There were 6 overlapping genes with overlap lengths ranging from 1 to 10 nucleotides (nt), while 10 intergenic regions with a total of 59 nt and a maximum interval of 38 nt between tRNA-Asn and tRNA-Cys were detected during the annotation of this complete mitochondrial DNA.…”
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The complete mitochondrial genome of the file ramshorn snail Planorbella pilsbryi (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Hygrophila: Planorbidae) by Emma M. Rempel, Jeffrey M. Marcus, Jillian T. Detwiler

“…Planorbella pilsbryi COXI features a rare TTG start codon while COXII, CYTB, ND2, ND3, and ND5 exhibit incomplete stop codons completed by the addition of 3′ A residues to the mRNA. …”
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The complete mitochondrial genome of the Shiba shrimp Metapenaeus joyneri (Miers, 1880) (Decapoda: Penaeidae) by Xianliang Meng, Baoquan Gao, Jian Li, Ping Liu

“…All PCGs are initiated by ATN codons. Four of the 13 PCGs harbor the incomplete termination codon T. …”
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Renal recovery following orthotopic liver transplant after prolonged kidney injury: Perspectives on diagnosing hepatorenal syndrome and determining which patients should undergo si... by Mary Elizabeth Card, Gilbert Moeckel, Jeffrey Michael Turner

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Complete mitochondrial genome of Histia rhodope Cramer (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae) by Shuying Peng, Wanrong Jia, Zhijun Huang, Yuchen Wang, Yan Li, Zhuoran Huang, Yunfang Zhang, Xu Zhang, Jianhua Ding, Xuexia Geng, Jun Li

“…All PCGs of Histia rhodope Cramer start with ATN codons except cox1 which start with CGA codon and all PCGs stop at TAA codons. …”
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Elusive Trans-Acting Factors Which Operate with Type I (Poliovirus-like) IRES Elements by Dmitry E. Andreev, Michael Niepmann, Ivan N. Shatsky

“…The prototypic <i>cis</i>-acting element in the 5′ untranslated region (5′UTR) of poliovirus mRNA, which is able to direct initiation at an internal start codon without the involvement of a cap structure, has been called an IRES (Internal Ribosome Entry Site or Segment). …”
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A subtle alternative splicing event gives rise to a widely expressed human RNase k isoform. by Evangelos D Karousis, Diamantis C Sideris

“…RNase κ-02 mRNA is expressed in all human cell lines tested end encodes the synthesis of a 134-amino-acid protein by utilizing an alternative initiation codon. The expression of RNase κ-02 in the cytoplasm of human cells was verified by Western blot and immunofluorescence analysis using a specific polyclonal antibody developed on the basis of the amino-acid sequence difference between the two protein isoforms. …”
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The complete mitochondrial genomes of the flapper skate Dipturus intermedius and the longnose skate Dipturus oxyrinchus by Tanja N. Schwanck, Aurelien N. Delaval, Leslie R. Noble, Peter J. Wright, David W. Donnan, Catherine S. Jones

“…In comparison to other Dipturus species, D. intermedius is missing a whole codon in its cytochrome oxidase subunit 2 gene. These mitogenomes will be a useful resource furthering investigation of the population genetic differences and evolutionary history of skate species.…”
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The complete mitochondrial genome of North Island brown kiwi (Apteryx mantelli) by Jia Liu, Qing-xia Ding, Li-zhi Gao

“…All protein-coding genes started with Met, and ND2, COX2, and COX3 ended by TAA as a stop codon. The lengths of 12S ribosomal RNA and 16S ribosomal RNA are 973 bp and 1596 bp, respectively. …”
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Transgenic plant-produced hydrolytic enzymes and the potential of insect gut-derived hydrolases for biofuels by Jonathan eWillis, Mitra eMazarei, Neal eStewart

“…When CWD genes are transformed into plants, negative pleiotropic effects are possible such as unintended cell wall digestion. The use of codon optimization along with organelle and tissue specific targeting improves CWD enzyme yields. …”
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Complete mitochondrial genome and phylogenetic analysis of willow ptarmigan (Lagopus lagopus) and rock ptarmigan (Lagopus muta) (Galliformes: Phasianidae: Tetraoninae) by Máney Sveinsdóttir, Kristinn Pétur Magnússon

“…All protein-coding genes started with ATG, except for COX1, where a GTG codon was present in both willow ptarmigan and rock ptarmigan. …”
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The complete mitochondrial genome analysis of the stonefly, Flavoperla sp. (Plecoptera: Perlidae) by Ying Wang, Jinjun Cao, Mengdan Chen, Weihai Li

“…Eleven PCGs started with the typical codon (ATN), the remaining PCGs started with TTG (ND1and ND5). …”
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Complete mitochondrial genome of the calanoid copepod Eurytemora affinis (Calanoida, Temoridae) by Beom-Soon Choi, Jeonghoon Han, Dae-Sik Hwang, Sami Souissi, Atsushi Hagiwara, Jae-Seong Lee

“…Of 13 PCGs, ND1, ND5, and ATP6 genes had incomplete stop codons TA–, T—, and TA–, respectively. Furthermore, the stop codons of the remaining eleven PCGs were TAG or TAA while the start codon of 13 PCGs was ATG (Cytb, ATP8, ATP6, and CO3 genes), ATT (CO1, ND2, ND3, ND4L, ND5, and ND6 genes), and ATA (ND1, ND4, and CO2 genes), respectively. …”
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Complete mitochondrial genome sequence of the broad-winged damselfly, Mnais pruinosa Selys, 1853 (Odonata: Calopterygidae) by Hisashi Okuyama, Takuya Kiyoshi, Jun-Ichi Takahashi, Yoshitaka Tsubaki

“…The genes ATP8 and ATP6 shared seven nucleotides, ATP6 and COIII shared one nucleotide, ND4 and ND4L shared seven nucleotides, and ND6 and Cytb shared one nucleotide. The initiation codon ATG was found in eight genes, ATC in four, and ATT in one; the termination codons TAA, TAG, incomplete TA, and single T were observed in seven, one, two, and three genes, respectively. …”
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Characterization of the complete mitochondrial genome of demersal flatfish Eopsetta grigorjewi (Pleuronectiformes: Pleuronectidae) from South Korea by Maheshkumar Prakash Patil, Jong-Oh Kim, Yong Bae Seo, Jiyoung Shin, Ji-Young Yang, Gun-Do Kim

“…ND2, ND3, ND4, COII, COIII, ATPase6, and CytB all have incomplete stop codon genes. The evolutionary analysis of 13 species from the same family indicated a close relationship. …”
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Following Ribosome Footprints to Understand Translation at a Genome Wide Level by Guillermo Eastman, Pablo Smircich, José R. Sotelo-Silveira

“…The development of Ribosome Profiling has allowed the global analysis of this process at sub-codon resolution. In the last years the method has been applied to several models ranging from bacteria to mammalian cells yielding a surprising amount of insight on the mechanism and the regulation of translation. …”
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Piecemeal Buildup of the Genetic Code, Ribosomes, and Genomes from Primordial tRNA Building Blocks by Derek Caetano-Anollés, Gustavo Caetano-Anollés

“…Here we review phylogenomic analyses that reconstruct the early history of the synthetase enzymes and the ribosome, their interactions with RNA, and the inception of amino acid charging and codon specificities in tRNA that are responsible for the genetic code. …”
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U2AF1 mutations in Chinese patients with acute myeloid leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome. by Jun Qian, Dong-ming Yao, Jiang Lin, Wei Qian, Cui-zhu Wang, Hai-yan Chai, Jing Yang, Yun Li, Zhao-qun Deng, Ji-chun Ma, Xing-xing Chen

“…All mutations were heterozygous missense mutations affecting codon S34 or Q157. There was no significant association of U2AF1 mutation with blood parameters, FAB subtypes, karyotypes and other gene mutations in AML. …”
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Characterization of the complete mitogenomes of Baillon's Crake Porzana pusilla and phylogenetic analysis by Ting Lian, Chao Yang, Hao Yuan, Qing-Xiong Wang, Xiao-Juan Du, Xue-Juan Li

“…All protein-coding genes started with ATN except COX1 and ND5, which start with GTG, and all protein-coding genes end with a complete triplet codon (TAA, AGG, AGA, and TAG), except COX3, which ends with an incomplete T. …”
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Complete mitochondrial genome of the leaf-rolling-weevil, Apoderus jekelii Roelofs, 1874 (Coleoptera: Attelabidae) by Jinyoung Park, Min Jee Kim, Iksoo Kim

“…Nearly, all PCGs ended with complete stop codons, TAA or TAG, except for ND5 which ended with an incomplete T. …”
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