Purification and In Vitro Activity of Mitochondria Targeted Nitrogenase Cofactor Maturase NifB by Stefan Burén, Xi Jiang, Gema López-Torrejón, Carlos Echavarri-Erasun, Luis M. Rubio

“…In this work, we have expressed synthetic codon-optimized versions of NifB from the γ-proteobacterium Azotobacter vinelandii and the thermophilic methanogen Methanocaldococcus infernus in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and in Nicotiana benthamiana. …”
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Genome-Wide Transcription Start Sites Mapping in <i>Methylorubrum</i> Grown with Dichloromethane and Methanol by Bruno Maucourt, David Roche, Pauline Chaignaud, Stéphane Vuilleumier, Françoise Bringel

“…One-third of the detected TSSs were located at a distance to the start codon inferior to 250 nt (average of 84 nt) with 7% of leaderless mRNA. …”
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Score-based prediction of genomic islands in prokaryotic genomes using hidden Markov models by Surovcik Katharina, Fricke Wolfgang, Damm Carsten, Brodag Thomas, Asper Roman, Keller Oliver, Waack Stephan, Meinicke Peter, Merkl Rainer

“…It is based on the analysis of codon usage (CU) of each individual gene of a genome under study. …”
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Mutation in grlA and norA genes in Fluoroquinolone resistant strains of S. aureus by Leila Asadpour, Saeed Veisi

“…The obtained results demonstrated that grlA gene mutation is one of the most important mechanisms of resistance to ciprofloxacin in clinical isolates of S. aureus in Rasht and most of resistant isolates acquired common mutation in codon 80. Key Words: Fluoroquinolone, S. aureus, grlA , norA…”
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High resolution melting analysis for rapid and sensitive <it>EGFR </it>and <it>KRAS </it>mutation detection in formalin fixed paraffin embedded biopsies by Fox Stephen B, Mitchell Paul L, Krypuy Michael, Do Hongdo, Dobrovic Alexander

“…Sequencing of these 25 samples confirmed the presence of codon 12 or 13 mutations. <it>EGFR </it>and <it>KRAS </it>mutations were mutually exclusive.…”
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High Levels of PD-L1+ and Hyal2+ Myeloid-derived Suppressor Cells in Renal Cell Carcinoma by Sergei Kusmartsev, Elizabeth Kwenda, Paul R. Dominguez-Gutierrez, Paul L. Crispen, Padraic O’Malley

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Molecular Basis and Natural History of Medullary Thyroid Cancer: It is (Almost) All in the <i>RET</i> by Nicolas Sahakian, Frédéric Castinetti, Pauline Romanet

“…The initial theory of <i>RET</i> codon-related MTC aggressiveness has been recently questioned by studies suggesting that this would only define the age at disease onset rather than the aggressiveness of MTC. …”
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In-silico design of an immunoinformatics based multi-epitope vaccine against Leishmania donovani by Subhadip Saha, Shubham Vashishtha, Bishwajit Kundu, Monidipa Ghosh

“…In-silico immune simulation studies confirms the vaccine to raise a pro-inflammatory response with the proliferation of activated T and B cells. In-silico codon optimization and cloning of the vaccine nucleic acid sequence have also been achieved in the pET28a vector. …”
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Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-RAS signaling pathway in penile squamous cell carcinoma. by Hong-Feng Gou, Xiang Li, Meng Qiu, Ke Cheng, Long-Hao Li, Hang Dong, Ye Chen, Yuan Tang, Feng Gao, Feng Zhao, Hai-Tao Men, Jun Ge, Jing-Mei Su, Feng Xu, Feng Bi, Jian-Jun Gao, Ji-Yan Liu

“…EGFR and RASSF1A expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. KRAS mutations at codons 12 and 13, and the BRAF mutation at codon 600 were analyzed on DNA isolated from formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissues by direct genomic sequencing. …”
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Comparative mitogenomics and phylogenetic analyses of the genus Menida (Hemiptera, Heteroptera, Pentatomidae) by Xiaofei Ding, Chao Chen, Jiufeng Wei, Xiaoyun Gao, Hufang Zhang, Qing Zhao

“…The results showed that gene arrangements, nucleotide composition, codon preference, gene overlaps, and RNA secondary structures were highly conserved within the Menida and had more similar characteristics in Pentatominae. …”
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Complete mitochondrial genome of Hygrobates turcicus Pešić, Esen & Dabert, 2017 (Acari, Hydrachnidia, Hygrobatoidea) by Andrzej Zawal, Lidia Skuza, Grzegorz Michoński, Aleksandra Bańkowska, Izabela Szućko-Kociuba, Romain Gastineau

“…Five genes have alternative start-codon, and four display premature termination. The multigene phylogeny obtained using all mitochondrial protein-coding genes unambiguously associates H. turcicus with the cluster formed by H. longiporus and H. taniguchii.…”
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Massive‐scale genomic analysis reveals SARS‐CoV‐2 mutation characteristics and evolutionary trends by Yamin Sun, Min Wang, Wenchao Lin, Wei Dong, Jianguo Xu

“…Furthermore, we hypothesized that translation efficiency can affect the mutation frequency of the third position of the codon by the selection, which explains why SARS‐CoV‐2 prefers AT3 codons usage. …”
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Iron in Translation: From the Beginning to the End by Antonia María Romero, María Teresa Martínez-Pastor, Sergi Puig

“…The influence of these modifications and their correlation with codon bias in the dynamic control of protein biosynthesis, mainly in response to stress, is emerging as an interesting focus of research. …”
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Enhanced Production of a Thermostable Carbonic Anhydrase in <i>Escherichia coli</i> by Using a Modified NEXT Tag by In Seong Hwang, Joo Hyeon Kim, Byung Hoon Jo

“…The expression test with all 16 codon combinations for the ng3 sequence revealed that the change in translation initiation rate brought about by the change in nucleotide sequence was not the primary determinant for the change in expression level. …”
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Directed evolution for soluble and active periplasmic expression of bovine enterokinase in Escherichia coli by Weiluo Lee, Subhas Pradhan, Cheng Zhang, Niccolo A. E. Venanzi, Weina Li, Stephen Goldrick, Paul A. Dalby

“…However, non-optimised codons and expression at 30 °C gave the highest activity through improved protein quality, with increased k cat and T m values. …”
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Synchronized Laparoscopic Bilateral Adrenalectomy for Pheochromocytoma in Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Syndrome: A Case Report by Ali Eslahi, Shahryar Zeighami, Faisal Ahmed, Seyed Hossein Hosseini, Bahareh Ebrahimi, Mohammad Hossein Anbardar

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Production of a germline-humanized cetuximab scFv and evaluation of its activity in recognizing EGFR- overexpressing cancer cells by Arsham Banisadr, Yaghoub Safdari, Anvarsadat Kianmehr, Mahdieh Pourafshar

“…To this end, CDR loops of cetuximab (an FDA-approved anti-EGFR antibody) were grafted on framework regions derived from type 3 (VH3 and VL3 kappa) human germline sequences to obtain recombinant VH and VL domainslinked together with a flexible linker [(Gly4Ser)3] to form a scFv. Codon optimized synthetic gene encoding the scFv (with NH2-VH-linker-VL-COOH orientation) was expressed in E. coli Origami™ 2(DE3) cells and the resultant scFv purified by using Ni-NTA affinity chromatography. …”
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MicroSalmon: A Comprehensive, Searchable Resource of Predicted MicroRNA Targets and 3′UTR Cis-Regulatory Elements in the Full-Length Sequenced Atlantic Salmon Transcriptome by Sigmund Ramberg, Rune Andreassen

“…Many of these were enriched in the terminal end, while purine- or pyrimidine-rich motifs with unknown functions were enriched immediately downstream of the stop codon. Furthermore, several novel complex motifs were over-represented, indicating conservation and putative function. …”
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Advancing Treatment Frontiers: Radiofrequency Ablation for Small Renal Mass—Intermediate-Term Results by Rohit Kumar Singh, Manav Gideon, Rohan Rajendran, Georgie Mathew, Kannan Nair

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Immunoinformatics design of multi-epitope vaccine using OmpA, OmpD and enterotoxin against non-typhoidal salmonellosis by Babak Beikzadeh

“…The vaccine model had good binding affinity and stability with MHC-I, MHC-II, and toll-like receptors (TLR-1, 2, 4) as well as activation of T cells, IgM, IgG, IFN- $$\gamma$$ γ and IL-2 responses. Furthermore, after codon optimization of the vaccine sequence, this sequence was cloned in E. coli plasmid vector pET-30a (+) within restriction sites of HindIII and BamHI. …”
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