Anti-malarial resistance in Mozambique: Absence of Plasmodium falciparum Kelch 13 (K13) propeller domain polymorphisms associated with resistance to artemisinins by Clemente da Silva, Daniela Matias, Brigite Dias, Beatriz Cancio, Miguel Silva, Ruben Viegas, Nordino Chivale, Sonia Luis, Crizolgo Salvador, Denise Duarte, Paulo Arnaldo, Sonia Enosse, Fatima Nogueira

“…Most (56.3%) of the reported non-synonymous mutations were due to substitution at the first base of the codon, 25% at the second base and 18.8% at the third base. …”
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Gene Expression and Characterization of Iturin A Lipopeptide Biosurfactant from <i>Bacillus aryabhattai</i> for Enhanced Oil Recovery by Deepak A. Yaraguppi, Zabin K. Bagewadi, Nilkamal Mahanta, Surya P. Singh, T. M. Yunus Khan, Sanjay H. Deshpande, Chaitra Soratur, Simita Das, Dimple Saikia

“…An iturin A gene sequence was codon-optimized, amplified with gene-specific primers, and ligated into the pET-32A expression vector to achieve high-level protein expression. …”
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Overexpression of LT, an Oncoprotein Derived from the Polyomavirus SV40, Promotes Somatic Embryogenesis in Cotton by Chao Lu, Yunxiao Wei, Zhigang Meng, Yongming Liu, Abid Muhammad Ali, Qinfei Liu, Mubashir Abbas, Yanan Wang, Chengzhen Liang, Yuan Wang, Rui Zhang

“…In this study, <i>LT</i> gene (SV40 large T antigen), which promotes the transformation efficiency of animal cells, was codon-optimized. Its overexpression vector was transformed into cotton. …”
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Papillary Renal Cell Carcinoma: Demographics, Survival Analysis, Racial Disparities, and Genomic Landscape by Asad Ullah, Abdul Qahar Khan Yasinzai, Naema Daino, Bisma Tareen, Zulfiqar Haider Jogezai, Haleema Sadia, Nimra Jamil, Girahnaz Baloch, Adil Karim, Kaleemullah Badini, Agha Wali, Abdul Waheed, Marjan Khan, Bina Asif, Kaleemullah Kakar, Saleh Heneidi, Feroze Sidhwa, Nabin R Karki

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Optimization and Recombinant Expression of Antimicrobial Peptide Molluscidin in Pichia pastoris and Its Antibacterial Activity by Qianglai TAN, Zhen ZENG, Li XU, Caijuan YANG, Xinmin LU, Yan FENG, Yiling LU, Jiaying LUO, Xinyu CHEN

“…Methods: The optimized nucleotide sequence of Molluscidin were synthesized according to P. pastoris codon usage frequency. The physicochemical properties were analyzed by bioinformatics. …”
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Identification of Salmonella Pullorum Factors Affecting Immune Reaction in Macrophages from the Avian Host by Xiao Fei, Qiuchun Li, Xinan Jiao, John Elmerdahl Olsen

“…Mutants in genes with conserved single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) between the two serovars in the region 100 bp upstream of the start codon (conserved upstream SNPs [CuSNPs]) such as sseE, osmB, tolQ, a putative immune antigen, and a putative persistent infection factor, exhibited differences in induction of inflammatory cytokines compared to wild-type SP, suggesting a possible role of these CuSNPs in immune regulation. …”
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Diversity and Resistance to Thiophanate-Methyl of <i>Colletotrichum</i> spp. in Strawberry Nursery and the Development of Rapid Detection Using LAMP Method by Jianyan Wu, Shuodan Hu, Boyang Ye, Xiaoran Hu, Wenfei Xiao, Hong Yu, Chuanqing Zhang

“…Based on the point mutation at codon 198 (GAG→GCG) in the <i>β-tubulin</i> gene of <i>Colletotrichum</i> isolates, we developed a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay to rapidly detect the E198A mutants. …”
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Triple Reporter Assay: A Non-Overlapping Luciferase Assay for the Measurement of Complex Macromolecular Regulation in Cancer Cells Using a New Mushroom Luciferase–Luciferin Pair by Aaiyas Mujawar, Pratham Phadte, Ksenia A. Palkina, Nadezhda M. Markina, Ameena Mohammad, Bhushan L. Thakur, Karen S. Sarkisyan, Anastasia V. Balakireva, Pritha Ray, Ilia Yamplosky, Abhijit De

“…</i> In vitro and in vivo assessments showed that human-codon-optimized <i>Luz</i> (<i>hLuz</i>) has significantly higher activity than native <i>Luz</i> in various cancer cell types. …”
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VEXAS and Myelodysplastic Syndrome: An Interdisciplinary Challenge by Virginie Kreutzinger, Anne Pankow, Zhivana Boyadzhieva, Udo Schneider, Katharina Ziegeler, Lars Uwe Stephan, Jan Carl Kübke, Sebastian Schröder, Christian Oberender, Philipp le Coutre, Sebastian Stintzing, Ivan Jelas

“…Somatic mutation in the <i>UBA1</i> codon 41 were found in all patients by next-generation sequencing. …”
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Analysis of Genetic Diversity and Phylogenetic Relationships of Wheat (<i>Triticum aestivum</i> L.) Genotypes Using Phenological, Molecular and DNA Barcoding Markers by Mohamed A. El-Esawi, Mohamed M. A. Elashtokhy, Sahar A. M. Shamseldin, Enas M. El-Ballat, Ehab M. Zayed, Yasmin M. Heikal

“…The present study evaluated 16 wheat genotypes using 19 morphological and phenological traits, 16 molecular markers (Inter Simple Sequence Repeats and Start Codon Targeted; ISSR and SCoT) and <i>rbcL</i> and <i>matK</i> plastid gene barcoding. …”
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Characterization and optimization of 5´ untranslated region containing poly-adenine tracts in Kluyveromyces marxianus using machine-learning model by Junyuan Zeng, Kunfeng Song, Jingqi Wang, Haimei Wen, Jungang Zhou, Ting Ni, Hong Lu, Yao Yu

“…The model suggests that the length of poly(A) is negatively correlated with protein production, whereas poly(A) located between 10 and 30 nt upstream of the start codon (AUG) exhibits a weak positive effect on protein abundance. …”
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Comparative Analysis of Chloroplast Genomes within <i>Saxifraga</i> (Saxifragaceae) Takes Insights into Their Genomic Evolution and Adaption to the High-Elevation Environment by Zhuyifu Chen, Xiaolei Yu, Yujiao Yang, Pei Wei, Wencai Zhang, Xinzhong Li, Chenlai Liu, Shuqi Zhao, Xiaoyan Li, Xing Liu

“…The genome size, structure, gene content, GC content, and codon usage pattern were found to be highly similar. …”
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Complete chloroplast genomes provide insights into evolution and phylogeny of Zingiber (Zingiberaceae) by Dongzhu Jiang, Xiaodong Cai, Min Gong, Maoqin Xia, Haitao Xing, Shanshan Dong, Shuming Tian, Jialin Li, Junyao Lin, Yiqing Liu, Hong-Lei Li

“…The genome structures, gene contents, amino acid frequencies, codon usage patterns, RNA editing sites, simple sequence repeats and long repeats are conservative in the genomes of Zingiber. …”
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Interspecies hybridization between Auricularia cornea cv. Yu Muer and Auricularia heimuer cv. Bai Muer through protoplast fusion by Keqing Qian, Keqing Qian, Keqing Qian, Zhengxiang Qi, Anran Xu, Xiao Li, Xiao Li, Xiao Li, Bo Zhang, Bo Zhang, Bo Zhang, Yu Li

“…Inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) and start codon targeted (SCoT) profile analysis of fusants and parents depicted that fusants contained polymorphic bands, which indicated the rearrangement and deletion of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) in the fusants. …”
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Probing the Conformational States of Thimet Oligopeptidase in Solution by Marcelo F. M. Marcondes, Gabriel S. Santos, Fellipe Bronze, Mauricio F. M. Machado, Kátia R. Perez, Renske Hesselink, Marcel P. de Vries, Jaap Broos, Vitor Oliveira

“…<i>p</i>NF was biosynthetically incorporated with high efficiency using the amber codon suppression technology. Inhibitor binding induced shorter Donor-Acceptor (D-A) distances in all mutants, supporting the view that a hinge-like movement is operative in TOP. …”
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Infrageneric Plastid Genomes of <i>Cotoneaster</i> (Rosaceae): Implications for the Plastome Evolution and Origin of <i>C. wilsonii</i> on Ulleung Island by JiYoung Yang, Seon-Hee Kim, Jae-Hong Pak, Seung-Chul Kim

“…The plastomes were highly conserved, with sizes ranging from 159,595 bp (<i>C. tenuipes</i>) to 160,016 bp (<i>C. hebephyllus</i>), and had a GC content of 36.6%. The frequency of codon usage showed similar patterns among the 15 <i>Cotoneaster</i> species, and 24 of the 35 protein-coding genes were predicted to undergo RNA editing. …”
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Characterization of the Complete Mitochondrial Genome of Eight Diurnal Hawkmoths (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae): New Insights into the Origin and Evolution of Diurnalism in Sphingids by Yi-Xin Huang, Zhi-Ping Xing, Hao Zhang, Zhen-Bang Xu, Li-Long Tao, Hao-Yuan Hu, Ian J. Kitching, Xu Wang

“…The most commonly used codons were UUA (Leu), AUU (Ile), UUU (Phe), AUA (Met), and AAU (Asn), whereas GCG (Ala) and CCG (Pro) were rarely used. …”
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The brain-derived neurotrophic factor Val66Met polymorphism increases segregation of structural correlation networks in healthy adult brains by Issei Ueda, Kazuhiro Takemoto, Keita Watanabe, Koichiro Sugimoto, Atsuko Ikenouchi, Shingo Kakeda, Asuka Katsuki, Reiji Yoshimura, Yukunori Korogi

“…Since a valine-to-methionine substitution at codon 66 of the BDNF gene (BDNF Val66Met single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)) is well-known to have effects on brain structure and function, we hypothesized that SCNs are affected by the BDNF Val66Met SNP. …”
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Genetic Diversity and Selective Pressure in Hepatitis C Virus Genotypes 1–6: Significance for Direct-Acting Antiviral Treatment and Drug Resistance by Lize Cuypers, Guangdi Li, Pieter Libin, Supinya Piampongsant, Anne-Mieke Vandamme, Kristof Theys

“…Despite its large genetic diversity, across all genotypes, codon positions were rarely identified to be positively selected (0.23%–0.46%) and predominantly found to be under negative selective pressure, suggesting mainly neutral evolution. …”
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Activated Natural Killer Cell Inoculation Alleviates Fibrotic Liver Pathology in a Carbon Tetrachloride-Induced Liver Cirrhosis Mouse Model by Ho Rim Oh, Min Kyung Ko, Daehee Son, Young Wook Ki, Shin-Il Kim, Seok-Yong Lee, Keon Wook Kang, Gi Jeong Cheon, Do Won Hwang, Hyewon Youn

“…For in vivo imaging, NK cells were isolated from codon-optimized luciferase-expressing transgenic mice. …”
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