The effect of the genomic GC content bias of prokaryotic organisms on the secondary structures of their proteins. by Diana Barceló-Antemate, Fernando Fontove-Herrera, Walter Santos, Enrique Merino

“…This bias is particularly important for amino acids that are coded by GC content-rich codons such as alanine, glycine, and proline, as well as amino acids that are coded by AT-rich codons, such as lysine, asparagine, and isoleucine. …”
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Complete mitochondrial genome and phylogenetic analysis of Diaphania perspectalis by Shengquan Que, Ailin Yu, Yegou Tu, Caiyun Xiong, Xiaohua Liu

“…Most of the protein-coding genes are initiated by typical ATN codons. Ten are terminated with TAA, whereas three genes, coxII and nad4, harbor incomplete termination codons of a single T. …”
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Novel gene rearrangement in the complete mitochondrial genome of Telenomus remus (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) by Weiwei Li, Yunfei Wu, Bin Chen

“…This mitogenome is 16,014 bp in length, consisting of 37 typical coding genes (13 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer RNA genes and two ribosomal RNA genes). The start codons of the protein-coding genes are ATN and the stop codons are TAA or TAG. …”
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Genotypes and in vivo resistance of Plasmodium falciparum isolates in an endemic region of Iran. by Heidari, A, Dittrich, S, Jelinek, T, Kheirandish, A, Banihashemi, K, Keshavarz, H

“…Four DHFR polymorphisms (codons 51, 59, 108, and 164) and five DHPS polymorphisms (codons 436, 437, 540, 581, and 613) were investigated. …”

A conserved role for cytoplasmic poly(A)-binding protein 1 (PABPC1) in nonsense-mediated mRNA decay. by Behm-Ansmant, I, Gatfield, D, Rehwinkel, J, Hilgers, V, Izaurralde, E

“…The nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) pathway degrades mRNAs with premature translation termination codons (PTCs). The mechanisms by which PTCs and natural stop codons are discriminated remain unclear. …”

Analysis of complete mitochondrial genome sequence of Pontania dolichura (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae) (Thomson, 1871) by Guo Sun, Chengbo Liang, Jingyan Yan, Yue Zhang, Yahuan Shui, Yuantao Zhou

“…Most of the PCGs of P. dolichura have typical ATN (Met) start codons and typical TAN stop codons. The A + T contents of the genome, PCGs, transfer RNAs (tRNAs), and ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs) were 80.32%, 78.66%, 81.94%, and 82.59%, respectively. …”
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The complete mitochondrial genome of milk shark, Rhizoprionodon acutus (Ruppell 1837) by Yan Liu, BinBin Shan, ChangPing Yang, Yu Zhao, ManTing Liu, QiJian Xie, DianRong Sun

“…Except for that COXI began with GTG, all the protein initiation codons were ATG. What’s more, all the protein termination codons were TAA, in addition to ND2, ND3, and Cytb ended with TAG, COXII and ND4 finished only with T, and ND6 with AGG. …”
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TP53 Alterations in Myelodysplastic Syndromes and Acute Myeloid Leukemia by Ramy Rahmé, Thorsten Braun, James J. Manfredi, Pierre Fenaux

“…As in solid tumors, missense mutations predominate, with the same hotspot mutated codons (particularly codons 175, 248, 273). As TP53-mutated MDS/AMLs are generally associated with complex chromosomal abnormalities, it is not always clear when TP53 mutations occur in the pathophysiological process. …”
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Complete mitochondrial genome of Polyphylla gracilicornis (Coleoptera：Scarabaeoidea) by Yuantao Zhou, Jingyan Yan, Hexing Qi

“…All protein-coding genes of P. gracilicornis have the typical ATN (Met) start codons and typical TAN stop codons. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that P. gracilicornis clustered into a clade with homologous species with high bootstrap support.…”
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Groups of Symmetries of the Two Classes of Synthetases in the Four-Dimensional Hypercubes of the Extended Code Type II by Marco V. José, Eberto R. Morgado, Juan R. Bobadilla

“…In this work, we assume a primeval RNY code and the Extended Genetic RNA code type II, which includes codons of the types YNY, YNR, and RNR. Each of the four subsets of codons can be represented in a 4-dimensional hypercube. …”
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Complete mitochondrial genome of Pisaura bicornis (Araneae: Pisauridae) and its phylogenetic implications by Shu-Yan Yan, Kang-Kang Xu, Da-Xing Yang, Can Li, Wen-Jia Yang

“…ATT, ATA, TTG were initiation codons and TAA, TAG, and T were termination codons. …”
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Proteome effects of genome-wide single gene perturbations by Merve Öztürk, Anja Freiwald, Jasmin Cartano, Ramona Schmitt, Mario Dejung, Katja Luck, Bassem Al-Sady, Sigurd Braun, Michal Levin, Falk Butter

“…Here, Öztürk et al. determine proteome changes resulting from individual knockout of 3308 nonessential genes in the yeast S. pombe, infer gene functionality, and show that protein upregulation under stable transcript expression utilizes optimal codons.…”
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Translation Initiation Site Profiling Reveals Widespread Synthesis of Non-AUG-Initiated Protein Isoforms in Yeast by Eisenberg, Amy R, Higdon, Andrea L, Hollerer, Ina, Fields, Alexander P, Jungreis, Irwin, Diamond, Paige D, Kellis, Manolis, Jovanovic, Marko, Brar, Gloria A

“…They define a class of 149 genes with alternate extended isoforms that initiate at non-AUG start codons. These isoforms are produced in concert with their corresponding canonical isoforms but typically at lower abundance, and are selectively induced during meiosis.…”
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The complete mitochondrial genome of Hemerobius japonicus (Neuroptera: Hemerobiidae) by Yang Zhao, Heping Shao, Ningning Zhang, Jinquan Jing

“…The gene order is identical to that of the putative ancestral arrangement of insects and other lacewings. 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs) possessed common triplet initiation codons ATN except ND1 possessed TTG and mostly terminated with TAN codons except for ND5 and ND4 with a single T residue adjacent to a downstream tRNA gene. …”
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Mutations in rpoB and katG genes in Mycobacterium isolates from the Southeast of Mexico by R Zenteno-Cuevas, JC Zenteno, A Cuellar, B Cuevas, CL Sampieri, JE Riviera, A Parissi

“…The most frequent mutations associated with rifampin and isoniazid resistance in Mycobacterium are the substitutions at codons 531 and 315 in the rpoB and katG genes, respectively. …”
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Dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa: genotype-phenotype correlations by Alexey A. Kubanov, Vadim V. Chikin, Arfenya E. karamova

“…The correlation between severe course of dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa and mutations resulting in premature termination codons generation which associate with the absence of type VII collagen at the dermo-epidermal junction has been described. …”
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Repeat-Induced Point Mutation (RIP) as an Alternative Mechanism of Evolution Toward Virulence in Leptosphaeria maculans by Isabelle Fudal, Simon Ross, Hortense Brun, Anne-Laure Besnard, Magali Ermel, Marie-Line Kuhn, Marie-Hélène Balesdent, Thierry Rouxel

“…The sequencing of virulent alleles in 24 isolates revealed a few cases of point mutations that had created stop codons in the sequence. The most frequent mutation events, however, were RIP, leading to the modification of 4 to 9% of the bases compared with the avirulent allele and generating 2 to 4 stop codons. …”
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The complete mitochondrial genome of Chibiraga houshuaii (Lepidoptera, Limacodidae) and its phylogenetic implications by Yanpeng Cai, Aihui Yin

“…Most of the PCGs had typical ATN start codons and terminated with TAA or a single T residue. …”
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The mitochondrial genome of the yellow-vented flowerpecker, Dicaeum chrysorrheum (Dicaeidae) from southwestern China by Yong Gao, Si Yin, Lei Zhu

“…Of the 13 protein-coding genes, 10 have ATG start codons and three genes terminate with incomplete stop codons. …”
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Mutations prevalent among rifampin- and isoniazid-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from a hospital in Vietnam. by Caws, M, Duy, P, Tho, D, Lan, N, Hoa, D, Farrar, J

“…The most prevalent rifampin resistance-conferring mutations, as in other countries, were in rpoB codons 531 (43%), 526 (31%), and 516 (15%). However, a hybridization-based resistance test with probes targeting the 5 most common mutations would only detect 78% of rifampin-resistant isolates. …”