Symmetrical Properties of Graph Representations of Genetic Codes: From Genotype to Phenotype by Marco V. José, Gabriel S. Zamudio

“…We analyzed the symmetries of the graphs of codons and their respective phenotypic graph representation spanned by the RNY (R purines, Y pyrimidines, and N any of them) code, two RNA Extended codes, the SGC, as well as three different mitochondrial genetic codes from yeast, invertebrates, and vertebrates. …”
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Revealing the complete mitochondrial genome of Thermophis baileyi Wall, 1907 (Reptilia: Colubridae) through the next-generation sequencing by Feng-Hui Sun

“…Coding genes of each protein in the mtDNA had the same start and stop codons among three Thermophis species.…”
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The complete mitochondrial genome of Cerceris bucculata (Hymenoptera: Crabronidae) by Xiao-Li Li, Qing-Song Zhou, Mei Xiong, Arong Luo, Chao-Dong Zhu

“…All the 13 PCGs begin with typical ATN codons. Among them, eleven PCG genes terminate with TAA, two with T––. …”
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The complete mitochondrial genome of Cerceris quinquefasciata (Hymenoptera: Crabronidae) by Xiao-Li Li, Qing-Song Zhou, Mei Xiong, Arong Luo, Chao-Dong Zhu

“…All the 13 PCGs begin with typical ATN codons. Among them, eleven PCG genes terminate with TAA, two with T–. …”
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The complete chloroplast genome of the invasive fern Lygodium microphyllum (Cav.) R. Br. by Graham A. McCulloch, James P. Hereward, Ellen C. Lake, Melissa C. Smith, Matthew F. Purcell, Gimme H. Walter

“…Thirty-three genes contained internal stop codons, a common feature in Leptosporangiate fern genomes. …”
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Different patterns of pfcrt and pfmdr1 polymorphism in Plasmodium falciparum isolates from Tehama region, Yemen by Wahib M. Atroosh, Hesham M. Al-Mekhlafi, Adel Al-Jasari, Hany Sady, Salwa S. Dawaki, Fatin N. Elyana, Mona A. Al-Areeqi, Nabil A. Nasr, Awatif M. Abdulsalam, Lahvanya R. Subramaniam, Meram Azzani, Init Ithoi, Yee Ling Lau, Johari Surin

“…A molecular investigation of 10 codons of pfcrt (72–76, 220, 271, 326, 356, and 371) and five codons of pfmdr1 (86, 184, 1034, 1042, and 1246) was conducted on P. falciparum isolates from districts with the highest malaria endemicity in the Hodeidah and Al-Mahwit governorates in Tehama region, Yemen. …”
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DNA Movies and Panspermia by Victor Norris, Yohann Grondin

“…Synthetic biology might be used to write an epitaph to our species, or simply “Kilroy was here”, in the genome of a bacterium via the patterns of either (1) the codons to exploit Life's non-equilibrium character or (2) the bases themselves to exploit Life's quasi-equilibrium character. …”
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Antecedentes del diccionario. El libro X de Etymologiae by C. Codoñer Merino

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Determining the Evolutionary Characteristics and Genetic Structure of the Isolates of Beet Curly Top Iran Virus Based on the V2 Gene by Mohamad Hamed Ghodoum Parizipour, Aminallah Tahmasebi

“…Total number of 26 positions among the codons showed a positive value of dN/dS ratio, while 34 positions had a negative value. …”
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Heterogeneous Distribution of Genetic Mutations in Myosin Binding Protein-C Paralogs by Darshini A. Desai, Vinay J. Rao, Anil G. Jegga, Anil G. Jegga, Perundurai S. Dhandapany, Perundurai S. Dhandapany, Sakthivel Sadayappan

“…Arginine and glutamate were the top hits in fMyBP-C and cMyBP-C, respectively, and tryptophan and tyrosine were the most common among the three paralogs changing to premature stop codons and causing protein truncations at the carboxyl terminus. …”
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The complete mitochondrial genome of Indomegoura indica (Hemiptera: Aphididae) by Bo Hong, Feng Zhang, Zu-Qing Hu, Hui-Yan Zhao

“…All PCGs were initiated with standard ATN codons and terminated with TAA except for cox1 and nad4. …”
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The complete mitochondrial genome of Triplophysa tibetana by Jilong Wang, Lei Li, Xing Jin, Peng Wang, Yu Du, Bo Ma

“…The protein-coding genes started with a traditional ATG except for COX1, which started with one infrequent GTG instead, and terminated with stop codons TAA, TGG, TGA, or a single T— base. The overall GC content is lower than AT. …”
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Adeno-associated viral delivery of engineered tRNA-enzyme pairs into nonsense mutation mouse models by Zhetao Zheng, Ningning Shi, Qing Xia

“…Summary: In this protocol, we describe how to utilize the unnatural amino acid (UAA) incorporation system to read through endogenous premature termination codons in a Duchenne muscular dystrophy mouse model. …”
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The complete mitochondrial genome of Wolfiporia cocos (Polypolales: Polyporaceae) by Sae Hyun Lee, Hyun-Oh Lee, Hyun-Seung Park, Hyun Joon Ryu, Jung Woo Kim, Song-Hyen Choi, Jee Young Park, Tae-Jin Yang

“…Additional six protein-coding genes (cob, cox1, cox2, cox3, nad2, nad6) were truncated or pseudogenized by internal stop codons. Phylogenetic analysis of the mitochondrial genome of W. cocos showed the distinct relationship with other five mitochondrial genomes of Polyporales.…”
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Characterization and phylogenetic analysis of the complete mitochondrial genome of a tropical sea cucumber, Holothuria fuscocinerea by Chuhang Cheng, Feifei Wu, Chunhua Ren, Xiao Jiang, Xiaofen Wu, Wen Huang, Chaoqun Hu

“…The PCGs were initiated by four initiation codons (ATG, TAC, ATC, and ATA). Only one PCG (nad6) and five tRNA genes (tRNASer(UCN), tRNAGln, tRNAAla, tRNAVal, and tRNAAsp) were encoded on the light chain, and the other genes were encoded on the heavy chain. …”
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The complete mitochondrial genome of an Asian crested ibis Nipponia nippon (Pelecaniformes, Threskiornithidae) from South Korea by Gyeongmin Kim, Kyu Cheol Jeong, Eun Hwa Choi, Shi Hyun Ryu, Young Jin Lim, Jumin Jun, Young-Sup Lee, Ui Wook Hwang

“…The nucleotide composition is slightly biased with A + T contents of 53.79% (A, T, C, and G was 30.37%, 23.42%, 31.99%, and 14.22%, respectively). 11 PCGs are initiated by ATN codons, except for cox1 and cox2 with GTG instead. …”
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Complete mitochondrial genome of the hard clam (Mercenaria mercenaria) by Zhi Hu, Hao Song, Cong Zhou, Zheng-Lin Yu, Mei-Jie Yang, Tao Zhang

“…Of 13 PCGs, 3 genes (cox3, nad3, and cox2) had incomplete stop codons. Furthermore, phylogenetic analysis using 12 PCGs (except atp8) figured out that M. mercenaria was closely related to genus Dosinia. …”
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Evolution and comparative genomics of odorant- and pheromone-associated genes in rodents. by Emes, R, Beatson, SA, Ponting, C, Goodstadt, L

“…These families were chosen on the basis of multiple gene duplications since the common ancestor of rat and mouse. For each family, codons were identified that are likely to have been subject to adaptive evolution. …”

Molecular Epidemiology and Treatment Patterns of Patients With EGFR Exon 20-Mutant NSCLC in the Precision Oncology Era: The European EXOTIC Registry by Giannis Mountzios, MD, PhD, David Planchard, MD, PhD, Giulio Metro, MD, PhD, Dora Tsiouda, Arsela Prelaj, MD, Sofia Lampaki, MD, PhD, Walid Shalata, MD, Mariona Riudavets, Petros Christopoulos, MD, PhD, Nicolas Girard, MD, PhD, Víctor Albarrán-Artahona, Rosario Garcia Campelo, MD, PhD, Konstantinos Samitas, MD, PhD, Giuseppe Luigi Banna, MD, Ioannis Boukovinas, MD, PhD, Abed Agbarya, MD, PhD, Anna Koumarianou, MD, Eleni-Isidora Perdikouri, Paris Kosmidis, Helena Linardou, MD, PhD, David Mauri, MD, PhD, Dimitrios Mavroudis, MD, PhD, Ilias Athanasiadis, MD, PhD, Haralambos Kalofonos, Nikolaos Xenidis, MD, PhD, Ippokratis Korantzis, MD, Alexandros Ardavanis, Grigorios Rallis, MD, Achille Bottiglieri, Konstantinos Efthymiadis, MD, Georgios Oikonomopoulos, MD, Alexandros Kokkalis, MD, Emmanouil Saloustros, MD, PhD, Nikolaos Tsoukalas, MD, Dimitra Bartzi, MD, Panagiota Economopoulou, Amanda Psyrri, MD, PhD, Martin Reck, Giuseppe Lo Russo, MD, PhD

“…Insertions and duplications were located mainly in the near loop (codons 767–771, 83.1%) and the far loop (codons 771–775, 13%) and only in 3.9% within the C helix (codons 761–766). …”
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Mitochondrial genome organization and vertebrate phylogenetics by Pereira Sérgio Luiz

“…Other features such as the secondary structure of tRNA, and the start and stop codons of protein-coding genes may also be useful in comparisons of vertebrate mitochondrial genomes.…”
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