Complete mitochondrial DNA sequence of the paper wasp Polistes riparius (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) by Kazuhisa Yamasaki, Katsuhiko Sayama, Tomoki Oishi, Kanae Nakahama, Masato Yoshioka, Hisashi Okuyama, Jun-ichi Takahashi

“…All PCGs started with ATG. Stop codons were of two types: TAA for 11 genes (ND1, ND2, ND3, ND4L, ND5, ND6, COXI, COXII, COXIII, COB, ATP6 and ATP8) and TAG for two genes (ND3 and ND4). …”
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Sequence analysis of coding DNA fragments of pfcrt and pfmdr-1 genes in Plasmodium falciparum isolates from Odisha, India by Sasmita Kumari Das Sutar, Bhavna Gupta, Manoranjan Ranjit, Shantanu Kumar Kar, Aparup Das

“…We further analyzed amino acid changes in codons 72-76 of the pfcrt haplotypes. Interestingly, both the K76T and N86Y mutations were found to co-exist in 32 out of the total 40 isolates, which were of either the CVIET or SVMNT haplotype, while the remaining eight isolates were of the CVMNK haplotype. …”
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Mechanisms of action of cytoplasmic microRNAs. Part 2. MicroRNA-mediated post-translational silencing by A.E. Abaturov, V.L. Babуch

“…The authors state that translation termination is induced by the interaction of the decoding A-region of the ribosome with one of the three stop codons (UAA, UAG or UGA) of mRNA. “Termination factors” are also involved in the termination of translation. …”
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Evolution of the Critically Endangered Green Sawfish <i>Pristis zijsron</i> (Rhinopristiformes, Pristidae), Inferred from the Whole Mitochondrial Genome by Chen Wang, Peiyuan Ye, Richard Pillans, Xiao Chen, Junjie Wang, Pierre Feutry

“…Two start (GTG and ATG) and two stop (TAG and TAA/T-) codons are found in the thirteen protein-coding genes. …”
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Exploration of the yadokari/yadonushi nature of YkV3 and RnMBV3 in the original host and a model filamentous fungus by Yukiyo Sato, Sakae Hisano, Nobuhiro Suzuki

“…The insertion of two termination codons immediately downstream of the 2A-like cleavage site abolished YkV3 viability, suggesting the importance of the C-terminal portion of the polyprotein of unknown function. …”
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Design of a new structure of immunogenic chimeric polytope against human various cancers using immunoinformatics and structural methods by Saeed Pirmoradi

“…After preparing appropriate epitopes of antigenic protein compounds in cancers and examining their antigenic and immunogenic properties, the process of fusion vaccine composition was performed with the help of various bioinformatics tools to study the physicochemical properties and two-dimensional and three-dimensional structures and Their validation as well as immunological and simulation properties were investigated and finally the codons of vaccine constructs were optimized to increase the translation rate of its cloning process in the expression vector pET28a (+) to evaluate the expression of protein in prokaryotic cells in E. coli K12 system. …”
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Clinicopathologic features and KRAS mutation incidence of gastric carcinomas by Didar Gürsoy, İlke Evrim Seçinti, Esin Doğan, Muhyittin Temiz

“…Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) system was used to identify mutations of codons 12 and 13 (exon 2) of the RAS gene. Mutations of GLY12ALA (G12A), GLY12ASP (G12D), GLY12ARG (G12R), GLY12CYS (G12C), GLY12SER (G12S), GLY12VAL (G12V), GLY13ASP (G13D) were performed. …”
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A preliminary study on the UL97 gene of cytomegalovirus isolated from patients suspected of ganciclovir resistance in Sri Lanka by J. C. Thambyrajah, N. Fernando, V. Rathnayake, S. Handunnetti, J. Jayamaha

“…DNA of CMV was extracted; Codons 439 – 645 of the UL97 gene was amplified by PCR only from patients who did not respond to ganciclovir and two fragments of 354bp (1317-1671) and 285bp (1650-1935) were sequenced. …”
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Assembly and comparative analysis of the complete mitochondrial genome of Trigonella foenum-graecum L. by Yanfeng He, Wenya Liu, Jiuli Wang

“…Among them, 11 genes contained introns. The mt genome codons of T. foenum-graecum had a significant A/T preference. …”
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Metabolic Response of <i>Faecalibacterium prausnitzii</i> to Cell-Free Supernatants from Lactic Acid Bacteria by Mathilde Lebas, Peggy Garault, Daniel Carrillo, Francisco M. Codoñer, Muriel Derrien

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Antisense suppression of the nonsense mediated decay factor Upf3b as a potential treatment for diseases caused by nonsense mutations by Lulu Huang, Audrey Low, Sagar S. Damle, Melissa M. Keenan, Steven Kuntz, Susan F. Murray, Brett P. Monia, Shuling Guo

“…Abstract Background About 11% of all human genetic diseases are caused by nonsense mutations that generate premature translation termination codons (PTCs) in messenger RNAs (mRNA). PTCs not only lead to the production of truncated proteins, but also often result in  decreased mRNA abundance due to  nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD). …”
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Classification of Highly Divergent Viruses from DNA/RNA Sequence Using Transformer-Based Models by Tariq Sadad, Raja Atif Aurangzeb, Mejdl Safran, Imran, Sultan Alfarhood, Jungsuk Kim

“…The proposed system has two components: a scratch BERT architecture specifically designed for DNA analysis, which is used to learn the next codons unsupervised, and a classifier that identifies important features and understands the relationship between genotype and phenotype. …”
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Comparative analysis of chloroplast genomes reveals phylogenetic relationships and intraspecific variation in the medicinal plant Isodon rubescens. by Conglong Lian, Hao Yang, Jinxu Lan, Xueyu Zhang, Fei Zhang, Jingfan Yang, Suiqing Chen

“…The protein-coding genes account for a total of 24,412 codons, and most of them are A/T biased usage. We identified 32 simple sequence repeats (SSRs) and 48 long repeats. …”
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The identification of conserved sequence features of co‐translationally decayed mRNAs and upstream open reading frames in angiosperm transcriptomes by Rong Guo, Xiang Yu, Brian D. Gregory

“…We have also observed conserved sequence features in the regions flanking these uORFs' stop codons that might contribute to ribosome stalling at these sequences. …”
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Transmission dynamics of co-endemic Plasmodium vivax and P. falciparum in Ethiopia and prevalence of antimalarial resistant genotypes. by Eugenia Lo, Elizabeth Hemming-Schroeder, Delenasaw Yewhalaw, Jennifer Nguyen, Estifanos Kebede, Endalew Zemene, Sisay Getachew, Kora Tushune, Daibin Zhong, Guofa Zhou, Beyene Petros, Guiyun Yan

“…In P. falciparum, a high prevalence of mutant alleles was detected in codons related to chloroquine (pfcrt and pfmdr1) and sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (pfdhps and pfdhfr) resistance. …”
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Modelación molecular y variación estructural de las integrasas de dos retrovirus humanos: HTLV-I y VIH-1 by Felipe García Vallejo, Yesid Cuesta Astroz, Martha C. Domínguez, Adalberto Sánchez, Mercedes Salcedo Cifuentes, Diane María Díaz, Milton Quintana

“…A partir de 103 secuencias completas de la integrasa del VIH-1 se registraron, en 46 codones, un total de 53 sustituciones que se localizaron en diferentes posiciones de la proteína nativa; las más frecuentes fueron: N27G (32,1%), A265V (30,1%), L101I (31,1%) y T123A (27,0%). …”
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Comparative Analysis of <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i> Type I Restriction-Modification Loci: Variation in <i>hsdS</i> Gene Target Recognition Domains by Melissa B. Oliver, W. Edward Swords

“…We determined the coding sequences of 87 <i>hsdS</i> TRDs and excluded seven from further analysis due to the presence of premature stop codons. Comparative analyses revealed that the TRD 1.1, 1.2, and 2.1 protein sequences had single amino acid substitutions, and TRD 2.2 and 2.3 each had seven differences. …”
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Link between short tandem repeats and translation initiation site selection by Masoud Arabfard, Kaveh Kavousi, Ahmad Delbari, Mina Ohadi

“…BLAST was used to compare the initial five amino acids (excluding the initial methionine), codons of which were flanked by STRs in human, with the initial five amino acids of all annotated proteins for the orthologous genes in other vertebrates (total of 5,314,979 pair-wise TIS comparisons on the genomic DNA and cDNA platforms) in order to compare the number of events in which human-specific and non-specific STRs occurred with homologous and non-homologous TISs (i.e., ≥ 50% and < 50% similarity of the five amino acids). …”
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Association of the rs17782313, rs17773430 and rs34114122 Polymorphisms of/near <i>MC4R</i> Gene with Obesity-Related Biomarkers in a Spanish Pediatric Cohort by Joaquín Carrasco-Luna, María Navarro-Solera, Marie Gombert, Vanessa Martín-Carbonell, Álvaro Carrasco-García, Cristina Del Castillo-Villaescusa, Miguel Ángel García-Pérez, Pilar Codoñer-Franch

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Antimicrobial drug resistant features of Mycobacterium tuberculosis associated with treatment failure. by Fizza Mushtaq, Syed Mohsin Raza, Adeel Ahmad, Hina Aslam, Atiqa Adeel, Sidrah Saleem, Irfan Ahmad

“…Three novel mutations were detected at codons 99, 149 and 154 in pncA which were associated with pyrazinamide resistance. …”
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