Mitochondrial genome of Aromia bungii (Coleoptera: Chrysomeloidea: Cerambycidae) and phylogenetic analysis by Ruimin Li, Xiang Song, Yimin Du

“…Except for three genes (cox1, cox2 and nad5) end with the incomplete stop codon T−, all other PCGs terminated with the stop codon TAA or TAG. …”
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The complete mitochondrial genome of Pachytriton granulosus (Chang, 1933) (Amphibia: Caudata: Salamandridae) by Yu Bai, Xuyuan Gao, Jing Chen, Guoyong Li, Jianlin Luo, Hui Wang, Yang Yang, Sheng Liang, Bocheng Ouyang

“…The protein-coding genes have typical ATN (Met) start codons, except cox1 (GTG as start codon), and are terminated by typical TAN stop codons, except nad6 (AGA as start codon).…”
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The complete mitochondrial genome of natural hybridization of Anser albifrons and Anser fabalisthe (Anser albifrons × Anser fabalis) by Gang Liu, Zhou Lizhi, Yuanqiu Dong, Fengling Zhang, Fu Rong

“…In the 13 PCGs, ATG is generally as the start codon, TAA is the most frequent stop codon, one of three, TAA, TAG, and T-, commonly observed. …”
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Gene Designer: a synthetic biology tool for constructing artificial DNA segments by Minshull Jeremy, Gustafsson Claes, Ness Jon E, Villalobos Alan, Govindarajan Sridhar

“…<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Direct synthesis of genes is rapidly becoming the most efficient way to make functional genetic constructs and enables applications such as codon optimization, RNAi resistant genes and protein engineering. …”
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Identification of Genes in Streptomycin-Resistant pv. Biovar 2 Strains Isolated in Korea by Young Sun Lee, Gyoung Hee Kim, Young Jin Koh, Jae Sung Jung

“…The presence of the aadA gene and a mutation in codon 43 of the rpsL gene was not identified.…”
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Complete mitochondrial genome sequence of Cicindela anchoralis Chevrolat, 1845 (Coleoptera: Carabidae) by Ah Rha Wang, Min Jee Kim, Su Yeon Jeong, Iksoo Kim

“…Twelve PCGs had the typical ATN start codon, whereas ND1 had the atypical TTG codon. The AT-rich region is 1629-bp long, composed of 80.0% A + T nucleotides, and has no long repeat sequences. …”
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Complete mitochondrial genome of Scythris sinensis (Lepidoptera: Scythrididae) by Jeong Sun Park, Min Jee Kim, Sung-Soo Kim, Iksoo Kim

“…Twelve PCGs had the typical ATN start codon, whereas COI had the atypical CGA codon that is frequently found in the start region of the lepidopteran COI. …”
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Mosaic TP53 Mutation on Tumour Development in Pigs: A Case Study by Chommanart Thongkittidilok, Maki Hirata, Qingyi Lin, Nanaka Torigoe, Bin Liu, Yoko Sato, Megumi Nagahara, Fuminori Tanihara, Takeshige Otoi

“…The pig without tumours had a wild-type TP53 sequence and a 1-bp deletion in the TP53 sequence that resulted in a premature stop codon. In contrast, the pig with nephroblastoma had 6- and 7-bp deletions in the TP53 sequence, resulting in the absence of two amino acids and a premature stop codon, respectively. …”
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Sequencing and analysis of the complete mitochondrial genome of Culex gelidus (Diptera: Culicidae) by Ling Sun, Wen-Bo Fu, Zhen-Tian Yan, Ting-Jing Li, Yi-Ran Ding, Bin Chen

“…The PCGs have the initiation codon ATN except for COI with a TCG, and possess the complete termination codon TAA or incomplete T. …”
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Colicin E3 cleavage of 16S rRNA impairs decoding and accelerates tRNA translocation on Escherichia coli ribosomes. by Lancaster, L, Savelsbergh, A, Kleanthous, K, Wintermeyer, W, Rodnina, M

“…The accumulation leads to an almost complete halt of translation after reading of a few codons. The cleavage of 16S rRNA does not impair monitoring of codon-anticodon complexes or GTPase activation during elongation-factor Tu-dependent binding of aminoacyl-tRNA, but decreases the stability of the codon-recognition complex and slows down aminoacyl-tRNA accommodation in the A site. …”

The structure of the human zeta-globin gene and a closely linked, nearly identical pseudogene. by Proudfoot, N, Gil, A, Maniatis, T

“…The other is a pseudogene (psi zeta) that differs by only 3 bp in the protein coding sequence, one of which converts the codon for amino acid 6 into a chain termination codon. …”

In vitro activities of piperaquine, lumefantrine, and dihydroartemisinin in Kenyan Plasmodium falciparum isolates and polymorphisms in pfcrt and pfmdr1. by Mwai, L, Kiara, S, Abdirahman, A, Pole, L, Rippert, A, Diriye, A, Bull, P, Marsh, K, Borrmann, S, Nzila, A

“…We have analyzed the in vitro chemosensitivity profiles of 115 Kenyan isolates for chloroquine (CQ), piperaquine, lumefantrine (LM), and dihydroartemisinin in association with polymorphisms in pfcrt at codon 76 and pfmdr1 at codon 86, as well as with variations of the copy number of pfmdr1. …”

Imprinting of the G(s)alpha gene GNAS1 in the pathogenesis of acromegaly. by Hayward, B, Barlier, A, Korbonits, M, Grossman, AB, Jacquet, P, Enjalbert, A, Bonthron, D

“…Approximately 40% of growth hormone-secreting pituitary adenomas have somatic mutations in the GNAS1 gene (the so-called gsp oncogene). These mutations at codon 201 or codon 227 constitutively activate the alpha subunit of the adenylate cyclase-stimulating G protein G(s). …”

Accurate estimation of gene evolutionary rates using XRATE, with an application to transmembrane proteins. by Heger, A, Ponting, C, Holmes, I

“…Following earlier tests of XRATE as a machine-learning tool suitable for alignment annotation, we now report the first tests of XRATE as a precise quantitative instrument for estimating evolutionary rates. We implement a codon model similar to that of Goldman and Yang (1994) (A codon-based model of nucleotide substitution for protein-coding DNA sequences. …”

Construction Of Vectors For The Overexpression Of Recombinant Human Growth Hormone In Bacillus Megaterium by Rashid, Norhashima Abd.

“…Construct 1 was designed with regulatory features [stop codon, ribosome binding site (RBS), TAACA sequence and start codon] meant for intracellular expression. …”
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Mutational profile of KRAS, NRAS, BRAF, PIK3CA, and AKT1 genes in colorectal cancer patients in a tertiary care hospital, Dhaka by Sharmin Chowdhury, Sheikh Joly Ferdous Ara, Shirazum Monira Mili, Tahani Momotaz, Md Maruf Ahmed Molla, Shaheda Anwar, Ahmed Abu Saleh

“…Among the 14 KRAS mutant cases, most (92.85%) were in exon 2 (codon 12/13) and only 7.15% of the mutations were in exon 3 (codon 61). …”
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Drug Resistance in Tuberculous Lymphadenitis: Molecular Characterization by Gebeyehu Assefa, Kassu Desta, Shambel Araya, Selfu Girma, Elena Hailu, Adane Mihret, Tsegaye Hailu, Melaku Tilahun, Getu Diriba, Biniyam Dagne, Abay Atnafu, Nigatu Endalafer, Adugna Abera, Shiferaw Bekele, Yordanos Mengistu, Kidist Bobosha, Abraham Aseffa

“…The mutation was observed for katG (at codon 315 with a change in the sequence of amino acid S315T) and rpoB (at codon 530–533 with a change in the sequence of amino acid S531L (S450L)) genes. …”
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Novel insight into lepidopteran phylogenetics from the mitochondrial genome of the apple fruit moth of the family Argyresthiidae by Abdelhameed Elameen, Simo N. Maduna, Melissa H. Mageroy, André van Eerde, Geir Knudsen, Snorre B. Hagen, Hans Geir Eiken

“…All detected PCGs (13) began with an ATN codon and terminated with a TAA stop codon, except the start codon in cox1 is ATT. …”
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Secondary structures that regulate mRNA translation provide insights for ASO-mediated modulation of cardiac hypertrophy by Omar M. Hedaya, Kadiam C. Venkata Subbaiah, Feng Jiang, Li Huitong Xie, Jiangbin Wu, Eng-Soon Khor, Mingyi Zhu, David H. Mathews, Chris Proschel, Peng Yao

“…Moreover, we develop a valuable strategy to alter protein expression and cellular phenotypes by targeting or generating dsRNA downstream of a uORF or mORF start codon.…”
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Mitogenomes of Nine Asian Skipper Genera and Their Phylogenetic Position (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae: Pyrginae) by Jintian Xiao, Jiaqi Liu, Luyao Ma, Xiangyu Hao, Ruitao Yu, Xiangqun Yuan

“…Most of the PCGs terminate with a TAA stop codon, while <i>cox1</i>, <i>cox2</i>, <i>nad4</i>, and <i>nad5</i> end with the incomplete codon single T. …”
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