The type of somatic mutation at APC in familial adenomatous polyposis is determined by the site of the germline mutation: a new facet to Knudson's 'two-hit' hypothesis. by Lamlum, H, Ilyas, M, Rowan, A, Clark, S, Johnson, V, Bell, J, Frayling, I, Efstathiou, J, Pack, K, Payne, S, Roylance, R, Gorman, P, Sheer, D, Neale, K, Phillips, R, Talbot, I, Bodmer, W, Tomlinson, I

“…Our results indicate that different APC mutations provide cells with different selective advantages, with mutations close to codon 1,300 providing the greatest advantage. Allelic loss is selected strongly in cells with one mutation near codon 1,300. …”

Cardiac malformations and midline skeletal defects in mice lacking filamin A. by Hart, A, Morgan, J, Schneider, J, West, K, McKie, L, Bhattacharya, S, Jackson, I, Cross, S

“…We report here that Dilp2 is caused by a T-to-A transversion that converts a tyrosine codon to a stop codon in the Flna gene (Y2388X), leading to absence of the Flna protein and male lethality because of incomplete septation of the outflow tract of the heart, which produces common arterial trunk. …”

Identification of phytochrome B amino acid residues mutated in three new phyB mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana by Bradley, J, Murphy, G, Whitelam, G, Harberd, N

“…This G-to-A substitution is a missense mutation that converts a glutamate residue at position 812 of the phytochrome B apoprotein to a lysine residue. phyB-102, another missense mutant, carries a C-to-T substitution which converts a serine residue at position 349 of the phytochrome B apoprotein to a phenylalanine residue. phyB-104 carries a premature stop codon as a result of a G-to-A mutation 1190 bp downstream of the ATG start codon of the PHYB sequence. …”

Genotyping of XRCC1 polymorphisms in breast cancer by Nalini Krishnan

“…No subjects carried the codon 194-Trp/Trp (0%). There is no polymorphism detected in control. …”
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Mutations matter: An observational study of the prognostic and predictive value of KRAS mutations in metastatic colorectal cancer by Daniele Lavacchi, Sara Fancelli, Sara Fancelli, Giandomenico Roviello, Francesca Castiglione, Enrico Caliman, Enrico Caliman, Gemma Rossi, Jacopo Venturini, Elisa Pellegrini, Marco Brugia, Agnese Vannini, Caterina Bartoli, Fabio Cianchi, Serena Pillozzi, Serena Pillozzi, Lorenzo Antonuzzo, Lorenzo Antonuzzo, Lorenzo Antonuzzo

“…KRAS mutations occurred at codon 12 in 67.2% of cases, codon 13 in 23.5%, codon 61 in 2.2%, and other codons in 8.2%. …”
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NMR studies of protein interactions with nucleic acids : translation termination and transcription by Shubhadra Pillay

“…In the first subproject I studied structural changes in a stop-codon recognizing protein induced by mutations altering stop-codon recognition specificity. …”
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Allotopic expression of mitochondrial genes: Basic strategy and progress by I. Made Artika

“…These include the different codon dictionary used by the mitochondrial and nuclear genomes, different codon preferences between mitochondrial and nuclear-cytosolic translation systems, and the provision of an import signal to ensure that the newly translated protein in the cytosol is successfully imported into mitochondria. …”
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N6-methyladenosine mRNA methylation is important for the light response in soybean by Liya Zhang, Yanyan Zhang, Jun Liu, Hongyu Li, Bin Liu, Tao Zhao

“…Similar to the case in Arabidopsis, m6A in soybean is enriched not only around the stop codon and within the 3’UTR but also around the start codon. …”
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Minigene as a Novel Regulatory Element in Toxin-Antitoxin Systems by Barbara Kędzierska, Katarzyna Potrykus

“…In addition, by searching for two-codon ORFs we found sequences of several potential minigenes in the leader sequences of several other toxins belonging to the type II TA family. …”
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Multilocus Sequence Typing Reveals Relevant Genetic Variation and Different Evolutionary Dynamics among Strains of Xanthomonas arboricola pv. juglandis by Marco Scortichini, Patrizia Ferrante, Simone Marcelletti

“…Haplotype diversity, linkage disequilibrium analysis, selection tests, gene flow estimates and codon adaptation index were also assessed. The dendrograms built by maximum likelihood with concatenated nucleotide and amino acid sequences revealed two major and two minor phylotypes. …”
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Role of mannose binding lectin in response to candida antigen immunotherapy of warts by Mohamed Nasr, Ayman Marie, Ghada Boghdadi, Rehab Elsaid, Eman Salah

“…An association between MBL2 exon1 codon 54 polymorphism and susceptibility to HPV infection and development of warts was proved. …”
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Coronavirus Genomics and Bioinformatics Analysis by Kwok-Yung Yuen, Yi Huang, Susanna K. P. Lau, Patrick C. Y. Woo

“…Recombination in coronaviruses was most notable between different strains of murine hepatitis virus (MHV), between different strains of infectious bronchitis virus, between MHV and bovine coronavirus, between feline coronavirus (FCoV) type I and canine coronavirus generating FCoV type II, and between the three genotypes of human coronavirus HKU1 (HCoV-HKU1). Codon usage bias in coronaviruses were observed, with HCoV-HKU1 showing the most extreme bias, and cytosine deamination and selection of CpG suppressed clones are the two major independent biological forces that shape such codon usage bias in coronaviruses.…”
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Mutation of rpsL Gene in Streptomycin-Resistant Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae Biovar 3 Strains Isolated from Korea by Young Sun Lee, Gyoung Hee Kim, Young Jin Koh, Jae Sung Jung

“…Sequencing the rpsL gene encoding ribosomal protein S12 from three streptomycin-resistant strains screened in the laboratory revealed that a spontaneous mutation occurred either at codon 43 or 88. Meanwhile, in four streptomycin-resistant strains of Psa biovar 3 isolated from two kiwifruit orchards, a single nucleotide in codon 43 of the rpsL, which is AAA in streptomycin-sensitive strain, was substituted for AGA causing an amino acid change from lysine to arginine. …”
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The worldwide holoparasitic Apodanthaceae confidently placed in the Cucurbitales by nuclear and mitochondrial gene trees by Renner Susanne S, Filipowicz Natalia

“…In addition, the Apodanthaceae and Cucurbitales <it>matR </it>gene sequences uniquely share two non-synonymous codon changes and one synonymous change, as well as a codon insertion, already found by Barkman et al. (2007).…”
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The first complete mitochondrial genome of Hexagenia rigida Mc Dunnough, 1924 (Ephemeroptera: Ephemeridae) and its phylogeny by Yao Tong, Lian Wu, Yi-Jie Lin, Sam Pedro Galilee Ayivi, Kenneth B. Storey, Jia-Yong Zhang, Dan-Na Yu

“…All protein-coding genes used ATN as the start codon, and most PCGs used TAA/TAG as the stop codons excluding COI, COII, ND5 and Cyt b that used T as the stop codon. …”
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Characterization of the complete mitochondrial genome of Caryopemon giganteus Pic (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Bruchinae) by Mingsong Wu, Xin Qian, Ming Qin, Tieyao Tu, Runzhi Zhang

“…The 16S ribosomal RNA gene and the 12S ribosomal RNA gene are 1284 and 835 bp in length, respectively. 12 PCGs started with the typical ATN codon, except for ND1 initiated with TTG. Five PCGs have the typical stop codon of TAA or TGA, while the remainder PCGs are terminated with incomplete stop codons (TA or T). …”
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Comparative Mitochondrial Genomic Analysis of Longhorn Beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomeloidea) with Phylogenetic Implications by Yiming Niu, Fengming Shi, Xinyu Li, Sainan Zhang, Yabei Xu, Jing Tao, Meng Li, Yuxuan Zhao, Shixiang Zong

“…Additionally, a notable bias towards AT content was identified, with most genes using ATN as the start codon and TAA as the stop codon. Except for trnS1, all tRNA genes showed typical cloverleaf secondary structures. …”
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Comparison of seven complete mitochondrial genomes from Lamprologus and Neolamprologus (Chordata, Teleostei, Perciformes) and the phylogenetic implications for Cichlidae by Jiachen Wang, Jingzhe Tai, Wenwen Zhang, Ke He, Hong Lan, Hongyi Liu

“…Most PCGs started with the conventional start codon, ATN. There was no essential difference in the codon usage patterns of these seven species. …”
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Complete mitochondrial genome of Acanthopsyche nigraplaga (Lepidoptera: Psychidae) by Keon Hee Lee, Min Jee Kim, Ah Rha Wang, Jeong Sun Park, Sung-Soo Kim, Iksoo Kim

“…Twelve of the 13 PCGs of the A. nigraplaga mitogenome initiate with a typical ATN start codon, however COI contains the atypical CGA start codon that is common for lepidopteran COI genes. …”
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Tonsil biopsy to detect chronic wasting disease in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) by immunohistochemistry. by David A Schneider, Aaron D Lehmkuhl, Terry R Spraker, Robert O Dittmar, Mitch A Lockwood, Susan Rollo, Tracy A Nichols

“…For deer with early preclinical infection, the sensitivity for deer homozygous for the prion protein gene (PRNP) coding for glycine at codon 96 (GG) was 66% but only 30% when heterozygous for the serine substitution (GS). …”
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