Decoding the Virtual 2D Map of the Chloroplast Proteomes by Tapan Kumar Mohanta, Yugal Kishore Mohanta, Ahmed Al-Harrasi

“…Further, the amino acid composition of the chloroplast proteome will also allow us to understand the codon usage bias. The codon usage bias and amino acid usage bias of chloroplast will be crucial to understanding their relationship.…”
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Characterization of the Complete Mitochondrial Genomes from Two Nitidulid Pests with Phylogenetic Implications by Xiaoxiao Chen, Qing Song, Min Huang

“…All protein-coding genes (PCGs) start with the standard start codon, ATN, and end with complete stop codons, TAA and TAG, or an incomplete stop codon, T. …”
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Complete mitochondrial DNA sequence of the giant water bug Kirkaldyia deyrolli (Hemiptera: Belostomatidae). by Juiki Nakasako, Hisashi Okuyama, Shinya Ohba, Jun-ichi Takahashi

“…Stop codons were of two types: TAA for 12 genes and TAG for one gene. …”
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Complete mitochondrial genome of Echinophyllia aspera (Scleractinia, Lobophylliidae): Mitogenome characterization and phylogenetic positioning by Wentao Niu, Shuangen Yu, Peng Tian, Jiaguang Xiao

“…Most of the PCGs use ATG as the start codon except for ND2, which uses ATT as the start codon. …”
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The complete mitochondrial genome of Hemigrammus bleheri (Characiformes: Hemigrammus) and phylogenetic studies of Characiformes by Qi Wang, Zengliang Miao, Jian Chen, Youkun Huang, Fang Meng, Kehua Zhu, Bingjian Liu, Yifan Liu

“…ND1, ND3, ND4L, ND6, and CytB ended with TAA as the stop codon. ND2, ATP8, and ND5 ended with TAG as a stop codon, CO2, ATP6, CO3, and ND4 ended simply by T, and CO1 ended by a single AGG. …”
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Tonsil biopsy to detect chronic wasting disease in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) by immunohistochemistry by David A. Schneider, Aaron D. Lehmkuhl, Terry R. Spraker, Robert O. Dittmar, Mitch A. Lockwood, Susan Rollo, Tracy A. Nichols

“…For deer with early preclinical infection, the sensitivity for deer homozygous for the prion protein gene (PRNP) coding for glycine at codon 96 (GG) was 66% but only 30% when heterozygous for the serine substitution (GS). …”
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Unfolding the mitochondrial genome structure of green semilooper (Chrysodeixis acuta Walker): An emerging pest of onion (Allium cepa L.). by Soumia P S, Dhananjay V Shirsat, Ram Krishna, Guru Pirasanna Pandi G, Jaipal S Choudhary, Naiyar Naaz, Karuppaiah V, Pranjali A Gedam, Anandhan S, Major Singh

“…Nine of the thirteen PCGs have (ATN) as a stop codon, while the other four have a single (T) as a stop codon. …”
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General Designs Reveal Distinct Codes in Protein-Coding and Non-Coding Human DNA by Dana Cohen

“…The results show that coding DNA has a strongly non-random WS signature, which reflects the genetic code, and the hydrogen-bond base pairing of codon–anti-codon interactions. In contrast, non-coding locations, such as the promoter, contain a distinct genomic signature. …”
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Characterization of the complete mitochondrial genomes of two Critically Endangered wedgefishes: Rhynchobatus djiddensis and Rhynchobatus australiae by M. J. Groeneveld, J. D. Klein, R. H. Bennett, A. E. Bester-van der Merwe

“…NADH2, COX2, and NADH4 have incomplete stop codons: T or TA, and tRNALeu and tRNASer, have atypical codons: UAA, UGA, GCU, and UAG. …”
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Association of ApE1 gene Asp148Glu polymorphism and idiopathic male infertility by Yousefi M, Salehi Z, Mashayekhi F, Bahadori MH

“…ApE1 SNP T>G found in exon 5 led to substitution of Asp>Glu at codon 148. This study was done to evaluate the association of ApE1 Asp148Glu polymorphism and the risk of idiopathic male infertility. …”
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The first mitochondrial genome of Fistulobalanus albicostatus (Crustacea: Maxillopoda: Sessilia) and phylogenetic consideration within the superfamily Balanoidea by Jun Song, Panpan Chen, Mei Tian, Nanjing Ji, Yuefeng Cai, Xin Shen

“…Remarkably, cox3, cob, nad1-5 have incomplete stop codons (T–– or TA–) and the remaining PCGs have the complete stop codon (TAA). …”
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Pfcrt Gene in Plasmodium falciparum Field Isolates from Muzaffargarh, Pakistan by Sumrin Sahar, Akhtar Tanveer, Akbar Ali, Hazrat Bilal, RanaMuhammad Saleem

“…Nested PCR was used to amplify the pfcrt (codon 72–76) gene fragment. Sequencing was carried out to find the haplotypes in the amplified fragment of pfcrt gene. …”
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The complete mitochondrial genome of Stibochiona nicea (Gray, 1846) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) and phylogenetic analysis by Hangying Zhang, Qinghe Chen, Qiaoyu Xie, Qinghua Lin, Gang Sun, Yan Fang, Qinghui Shi

“…Nine PCGs (atp8, atp6, cox3, nad1, nad2, nad3, nad4l, nad6, and cob) utilize a typical stop codon TAA, whereas the remaining PCGs (cox1, cox2, nad4, and nad5) end with an incomplete stop codon T–. …”
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Study of β2-Adrenergic Receptor Polymorphisms among Hypertensive by Atia, Ahmed El Badri, Ku Zaifah, Norsidah, Abdullah, Nor Zamzila, Mokhtar, Rafidah Hanim, Draman, Samsul, Md Aris, Mohd Aznan, Abdul Rahman, Rashidah, A. Talib, Norlelawati

“…Among the β2AR polymorphisms detected, Arg16Gly and Gln27Glu codons were considered the two most important variations. …”
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Evidence for genetic predisposition to desmoid tumours in familial adenomatous polyposis independent of the germline APC mutation. by Sturt, N, Gallagher, M, Bassett, P, Philp, C, Neale, K, Tomlinson, I, Silver, A, Phillips, R

“…Independent predictors of increased desmoid risk were: germline mutation distal to codon 1399; any family history of disease; and a strong family history of desmoids. …”

C2028T polymorphism in exon 12 and dinucleotide repeat polymorphism in intron 13 of the HIF-1alpha gene define HIF-1alpha protein expression in non-small cell lung cancer. by Koukourakis, M, Papazoglou, D, Giatromanolaki, A, Panagopoulos, I, Maltezos, E, Harris, A, Gatter, K, Sivridis, E

“…METHODS: Specific HIF-1alpha polymorphisms were assessed in a series of patients with NSCLC: (a) the C to T transition at nucleotide 1744 (position 2028 according to sequence with accession number , which gives rise to Pro/Ser variation at codon 582), (b) the G to A nucleotide substitution at point 1790 (position 2046 according to sequence with accession number , which gives rise to Ala/Thr variation at codon 588), and (c) the dinucleotide GT repeat polymorphism in intron 13. …”

Assembly of nucleic acids with site-specific modifications by Tsai, A

“…The effects of the local sequence environment and triazole position relative to the codon reading frame are examined, with special attention placed on the codon wobble position. …”

Detection of a point mutation associated with high-level isoniazid resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis by using real-time PCR technology with 3'-minor groove binder-DNA probes... by Van Doorn, H, Claas, E, Templeton, K, van der Zanden, A, te Koppele Vije, A, Jong, d, Dankert, J, Kuijper, E

“…Therefore, a single-tube real-time PCR, using a novel kind of probe (3'-minor groove binder-DNA probe), was developed to detect either the wild-type or the mutant codon directly in Ziehl-Neelsen-positive sputum samples. …”

Granulation pattern, but not GSP or GHR mutation, is associated with clinical characteristics in somatostatin-naive patients with somatotroph adenomas. by Larkin, S, Reddy, R, Karavitaki, N, Cudlip, S, Wass, J, Ansorge, O

“…Granulation pattern has been reported to co-segregate with a recurrent mutation at codon 49 in growth hormone receptor (GHR) and GSP oncogene. …”

APC mutations in sporadic colorectal tumors: A mutational "hotspot" and interdependence of the "two hits". by Rowan, A, Lamlum, H, Ilyas, M, Wheeler, J, Straub, J, Papadopoulou, A, Bicknell, D, Bodmer, W, Tomlinson, I

“…APC mutations in the "mutation cluster region," especially those close to codon 1,300, are associated with allelic loss, whereas tumors with mutations outside this region tend to harbor truncating mutations. …”