High-efficiency production of 5-hydroxyectoine using metabolically engineered Corynebacterium glutamicum by Lukas Jungmann, Sarah Lisa Hoffmann, Caroline Lang, Raphaela De Agazio, Judith Becker, Michael Kohlstedt, Christoph Wittmann

“…Fourteen out of sixteen codon-optimized ectD variants from phylogenetically diverse bacterial and archaeal donors enabled hydroxyectoine production, showing the strategy to work almost regardless of the origin of the gene. …”
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The complete mitochondrial genome of the bag-shelter moth <it>Ochrogaster lunifer </it>(Lepidoptera, Notodontidae) by Negrisolo Enrico, Battisti Andrea, Simonato Mauro, Salvato Paola

“…The protein-coding genes have typical mitochondrial start codons except for <it>cox1 </it>that present an unusual CGA. …”
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Abnormal glucose tolerance and insulin resistance in polycystic ovary syndrome amongst the Taiwanese population- not correlated with insulin receptor substrate-1 Gly972Arg/Ala513Pr... by Liang Shu-Fen, Ku Dong-Chi, Kuo Tsung-Cheng, Gong Kum-Bing, Yen Jui-Mei, Lin Ta-Chin, Wu Ming-Jiuan

“…The genomic DNA of the subjects was amplified by PCR and digested by restriction fragmented length polymorphism (RFLP) with <it>Bst N1 </it>used for codon 972 and <it>Dra III </it>for codon 513.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>AGT was found in 46.8% of these PCOS patients and was significantly related to high insulin resistance rather than the low insulin resistance. …”
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Genome-Wide Identification, Expression Analysis, and Subcellular Localization of <i>DET2</i> Gene Family in <i>Populus yunnanensis</i> by Zhensheng Qiao, Jiaqi Li, Xiaolin Zhang, Haiyang Guo, Chengzhong He, Dan Zong

“…The codon preference of this family is towards the A/U ending, which is strongly influenced by natural selection. …”
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Monoallelic variants resulting in substitutions of MAB21L1 Arg51 Cause Aniridia and microphthalmia by Hildegard Nikki Hall, Hemant Bengani, Robert B. Hufnagel, Giuseppe Damante, Morad Ansari, Joseph A. Marsh, Graeme R. Grimes, Alex von Kriegsheim, David Moore, Lisa McKie, Jamalia Rahmat, Catia Mio, Moira Blyth, Wee Teik Keng, Lily Islam, Meriel McEntargart, Marcel M. Mannens, Veronica Van Heyningen, Joe Rainger, Brian P. Brooks, David R. FitzPatrick

“…Substitutions of the same codon (Arg51) in MAB21L2, a close homolog of MAB21L1, cause severe ocular and skeletal malformations in humans and mice. …”
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Comparative Mitogenomic Analysis of Two Longhorn Beetles (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Lamiinae) with Preliminary Investigation into Phylogenetic Relationships of Tribes of Lamiinae by Yifang Ren, Huanhuan Lu, Longyan Chen, Simone Sabatelli, Chaojie Wang, Guanglin Xie, Ping Wang, Meike Liu, Wenkai Wang, Paolo Audisio

“…All <i>PCGs</i> initiated with the standard start codon ATN, and terminated with the complete stop codons of TAA and TAG, or incomplete stop codon T. …”
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Chargaff’s second parity rule lies at the origin of additive genetic interactions in quantitative traits to make omnigenic selection possible by Bakhyt T. Matkarimov, Murat K. Saparbaev

“…Methods Computational analysis of single-nucleotide polymorphisms in human and mouse populations and of nucleotide composition biases at different codon positions in bacterial and human proteomes. …”
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De novo resveratrol production through modular engineering of an Escherichia coli–Saccharomyces cerevisiae co-culture by Shuo-Fu Yuan, Xiunan Yi, Trevor G. Johnston, Hal S. Alper

“…Next, to enhance the precursor malonyl-CoA supply, an inactivation-resistant version of acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC1 S659A,S1157A ) was introduced into the downstream Saccharomyces cerevisiae module constitutively expressing codon-optimized 4-coumarate-CoA ligase from Arabidopsis thaliana (4CL) and resveratrol synthase from Vitis vinifera (STS), and thus further improve the conversion of p-coumaric acid-to-resveratrol. …”
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Rapid detection of multidrug resistant tuberculosis in respiratory specimens at a tertiary care centre in south coastal Karnataka using Genotype MTBDR plus assay by Vishnu Prasad Shenoy, Ajay Kumar, Kiran Chawla

“…Conclusion: Mutation in codon S531L, S315T1 and C15T were most common mutations associated with MDR-TB. …”
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Modification of recombinant human epidermal growth factor (rh-EGF) expression vector by site-directed mutagenesis for therapeutic protein production by Achmad Rodiansyah, Riyona Desvy Pratiwi, Sabighoh Zanjabila, Asrul Muhamad Fuad

“…The vector modification was carried out by inserting a stop codon and the EcoRI restriction site, along with deleting the 6xHis tag sequence. …”
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Evolutionary and structural signatures of protein-coding function : synonymous acceleration, read-through, and structural impact of mutations by Wolf, Maxim,Ph. D.(Maxim Y.)Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

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Formal Reduction Potential of 3,5-Difluorotyrosine in a Structured Protein: Insight into Multistep Radical Transfer by Liang, Li, Stubbe, JoAnne, Tommos, Cecilia, Ravichandran, Kanchana

“…These results illustrate the utility of combining the optimized α[subscript 3]Y tyrosine radical system with in vivo nonsense codon suppression to obtain the formal reduction potential of an unnatural aromatic residue residing within a well-structured protein. …”
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Analisis molekular gena apolipoprotein A-IV pada kelompok penderita dan bukan penderita penyakit jantung koroner=Molecular Analysis of Apolipoprotein A-IV Gene in Patients of Coron... by Perpustakaan UGM, i-lib

“…Apo A-IV 2 alelle which is caused by mutation of codon 360 (Gin â�� His) has been shown to increase the individual susceptibility to CHD. …”

The human cytochrome P-450 21-hydroxylase genes by Rodrigues, N, N. R. Rodrigues

“…</p> <p>The G → C transversion in the 21-OHase B gene from the patient at codon 269 introduced a new NcoI restriction site into the gene. …”

Retinitis pigmentosa GTPase regulator gene replacement - a potential treatment for x-linked retinitis pigmentosa by Fischer, M

“…</p> <p>The human <em>RPGR^ORF15</em> coding sequence (cds) was codon optimised and both wildtype (wt) and codon optimised (co) sequences were spliced into a specific vector backbone designed for production of adeno-associated virus (AAV). …”

Refining the relation between 'first hits' and 'second hits' at the APC locus: the 'loose fit' model and evidence for differences in somatic mutation spectra among patients. by Crabtree, M, Sieber, O, Lipton, L, Hodgson, S, Lamlum, H, Thomas, H, Neale, K, Phillips, R, Heinimann, K, Tomlinson, I

“…The site of the 'first hit' in the APC tumour suppressor gene determines the type of the 'second hit', both in familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) and sporadic colorectal tumours. Mutations near codon 1300 are associated with loss of heterozygosity (LOH) of the wild-type allele; other tumours tend to have two protein-truncating mutations. …”

Complete mitochondrial genome reveals genetic diversity of Angiostrongylus cantonensis (Nematoda: Angiostrongylidae) by Yong, Hoi Sen, Song, Sze Looi, Eamsobhana, Praphathip, Goh, Share Yuan, Lim, Phaik Eem

“…Additionally, the Thailand isolate has 4 incomplete T stop codon compared to 3 in the China and Taiwan isolates. …”

Complete Mitochondrial Genome of Three Bactrocera Fruit Flies of Subgenus Bactrocera (Diptera: Tephritidae) and Their Phylogenetic Implications by Yong, Hoi Sen, Song, Sze Looi, Lim, Phaik Eem, Eamsobhana, Praphathip, Suana, I. Wayan

“…The three species had identical stop codon for the respective PCGs. In B. latifrons and B. melastomatos, the TΨC (thymidine-pseudouridine-cytidine)-loop was absent in trnF (phenylalanine) and DHU (dihydrouracil)-loop was absent in trnS1 (serine S1). …”

Mitochondrial Genome Supports Sibling Species of Angiostrongylus costaricensis (Nematoda: Angiostrongylidae) by Yong, Hoi Sen, Song, Sze Looi, Eamsobhana, Praphathip, Goh, Share Yuan, Lim, Phaik Eem, Chow, Wan Loo, Chan, Kok Gan, Abrahams-Sandi, Elizabeth

“…The size of 6 PCGs and the start codon for ATP6, CYTB and NAD5 genes are different between the Costa Rica and Brazil taxa. …”

Analysis of a thermostable lipase from CTG-clade yeast: molecular expression, characterization and structure prediction by Mustaffa Kamal, Nurfarahain, Mohd Shariff, Fairolniza, M. Normi, Yahaya, Salleh, Abu Bakar, Oslan, Siti Nurbaya

“…The conceptual advances on the importance of codon optimization before expressing a protein from a CTG-clade species in a non-CTG-clade yeast have been highlighted and the effect of the rare codon usage in recombinant protein characteristics has been evident.…”