Biochemical mechanism of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase resistance to stavudine. by Lennerstrand, J, Stammers, D, Larder, B

“…RT from site-directed mutants with 69S-XX codon insertions and/or conventional zidovudine resistance mutations seems to be involved in an ATP-dependent resistance mechanism analogous to pyrophosphorolysis, whereas the mechanism for RT with the Q151M or V75T mutation appears to be independent of added ATP for reducing binding to d4T-triphosphate.…”

Phylogenetic Analyses of <i>Pristipomoides</i> (Perciformes: Lutjanidae) Based on New Mitochondrial Genomes by Chunhui Liu, Dezhao Li, Yue Zhang, Maxime Péré, Zhibo Zhuang, Jingyu Liu, Haolang Zhou, Xiao Chen

“…The mitochondrial genome length of the five species ranged from 16,499 to 16,530 bp. The start codon was ATG\GTG, and the stop codon was TAA\TAG\T--\AGG. …”
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Mitochondrial Genome of <i>Strophopteryx fasciata</i> (Plecoptera: Taeniopterygidae), with a Phylogenetic Analysis of Nemouroidea by Xuan Guo, Caiyue Guo, Xiaojiao Dong, Heng Zhang, Dávid Murányi, Weihai Li, Ying Wang

“…Most PCGs used ATN as the start codon and TAA/TAG as the stop codon. The stop codons were far less variable than the start codons in taeniopterygid mitogenomes. …”
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Molecular Evolution and Structural Mapping of N-Terminal Domain in Spike Gene of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) by Asif Naeem, Maaweya E. Hamed, Majed F. Alghoribi, Waleed Aljabr, Hadel Alsaran, Mushira A. Enani, Bandar Alosaimi

“…The presence of the diversifying selection and the topologies with the structural mapping of residues under purifying selection suggested that codon 1020 might have a role in the evolution of spike gene during the divergence of different lineages. …”
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Characterization of a novel PTEN mutation in MDA-MB-453 breast carcinoma cell line by Singh Gobind, Odriozola Leticia, Guan Hong, Kennedy Colin R, Chan Andrew M

“…</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Mutation at codon 307 in PTEN C2 loop alters its subcellular distribution with greater membrane localization while being excluded from the cell nucleus. …”
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Comparative Analysis of Eight Mitogenomes of Bark Beetles and Their Phylogenetic Implications by Huicong Du, Jiaxing Fang, Xia Shi, Sufang Zhang, Fu Liu, Chunmei Yu, Zhen Zhang, Xiangbo Kong

“…Their gene arrangement matched the presumed ancestral pattern of these bark beetles. Start and stop codon usage, amino acid abundance, and the relative codon usage frequencies were conserved among bark beetles. …”
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The complete mitochondrial genome of leafhopper Atkinsoniella nigrita (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) with the shortest 12S rRNA and longest tRNA-Lys of the Atkinsoniella genus by Hu Li, Kai Yu, Rui Zhao, Gang Wu, Chuan-Feng Xiong

“…Compared with other known mitochondrial genomes of 15 Atkinsoniella species, the new mitogenome with three PCGs (ND2, ND5, and ND4L) shared the same gene base length, start codon and stop codon, and the shortest 12S rRNA (729 bp) and the longest tRNA-Lys (73 bp) within the genus Atkinsoniella. …”
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rs67047829 genotypes of ERV3-1/ZNF117 are associated with lower body mass index in the Polish population by Jeremy S. C. Clark, Konrad Podsiadło, Marta Sobalska-Kwapis, Błażej Marciniak, Kamila Rydzewska, Andrzej Ciechanowicz, Thierry van de Wetering, Dominik Strapagiel

“…Aims were to datamine for high-frequency (near-neutral selection) pretermination-codon (PTC) single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs; n = 141) from a database with > 550,000 variants and analyze possible association with body mass index in a large Polish sample (n = 5757). …”
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Characterization of the Complete Mitochondrial Genome of <i>Schizothorax kozlovi</i> (Cypriniformes, Cyprinidae, Schizothorax) and Insights into the Phylogenetic Relationships of <... by Qiang Qin, Lin Chen, Fubin Zhang, Jianghaoyue Xu, Yu Zeng

“…All the PCGs employed the ATG or GTG as the start codon and TAA, TAG, or single T as the stop codon. …”
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A simple method for data partitioning based on relative evolutionary rates by Jadranka Rota, Tobias Malm, Nicolas Chazot, Carlos Peña, Niklas Wahlberg

“…Commonly, partitioning is done a priori based on some known properties of sequence evolution, e.g. differences in rate of evolution among codon positions of a protein-coding gene. Here we propose a new method for data partitioning based on relative evolutionary rates of the sites in the alignment of the dataset being analysed. …”
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CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated Editing of <i>AGAMOUS-like</i> Genes Results in a Late-Bolting Phenotype in Chinese Cabbage (<i>Brassica rapa</i> ssp. <i>pekinensis</i>) by Yun-Hee Shin, Hyun-Min Lee, Young-Doo Park

“…The loss of function of the AGL protein was caused by the occurrence of an indel mutation in the <i>AGL19</i> and <i>AGL24</i> genes, which results in an early stop codon. Furthermore, frameshift mutations led to structural changes and the introduction of an early stop codon in the AGL19 and AGL24 proteins. …”
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A female case report of LGMD2B with compound heterozygous mutations of the DYSF gene and asymptomatic mutation of the X-linked DMD gene by Xiaojie Cao, Li Zeng, Zhijie Lu, Jin Fan, Song Tan, Mingjie Zhang, Zegang Yin

“…As a result of genetic testing, compound heterozygous G-to-T base substitution at position 5,497 in exon 49 of the DYSF gene, leading to a codon change from glutamic acid to termination codon at position 1,833, and a heterozygous C-to-G base change at position 4,638 + 8 in intron 42 of the DYSF gene with a consequence of splice, which has never been reported, were identified as candidate causative mutations. …”
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Molecular surveillance for anti-malarial drug resistance and genetic diversity of Plasmodium falciparum after chloroquine and sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine withdrawal in Quibdo, Colomb... by Angela Patricia Guerra, Mario Javier Olivera, Liliana Jazmín Cortés, Stella M. Chenet, Alexandre Macedo de Oliveira, Naomi W. Lucchi

“…Samples were genotyped to assess mutations in pfcrt (codons 72–76), pfdhfr (codons 51, 59, 108, and 164), and pfdhps genes (codons 436, 437, 540, and 581). …”
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Complete mitochondrial genome sequences of two parasitic/commensal nemerteans, Gononemertes parasita and Nemertopsis tetraclitophila (Nemertea: Hoplonemertea) by Wen-Yan Sun, Dong-Li Xu, Hai-Xia Chen, Wei Shi, Per Sundberg, Malin Strand, Shi-Chun Sun

“…All the coding genes, as well as major non-coding regions (mNCRs), are AT rich, which is especially pronounced at the third codon position. The AT/GC skew pattern of the coding strand is the same among nemertean mitogenomes, but is variable in the mNCRs. …”
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The First Complete Mitochondrial Genome of the Genus <i>Litostrophus</i>: Insights into the Rearrangement and Evolution of Mitochondrial Genomes in Diplopoda by Gaoji Zhang, Ming Gao, Yukun Chen, Yinuo Wang, Tianyi Gan, Fuyuan Zhu, Hongyi Liu

“…The gene ND4L used TGA as the initiation codon, while the other PCGs utilized ATN (A, T, G, C) as the initiation codons. …”
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Chloroplast genomes in seven Lagerstroemia species provide new insights into molecular evolution of photosynthesis genes by Ling He, Sujuan Xu, Xinnian Cheng, Hanlin Huang, Hongyu Dai, Xin Wang, Zhiyang Ding, Ming Xu, Haoran Gu, Na Yan, Chunyan Wang

“…It contained 85 protein coding genes (PCGs), 37 tRNAs, and 8 rRNA genes. 207 simple sequence repeats (SSRs) and 31 codons with relative synonymous codon (RSCU)value &gt; 1 were detected. …”
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Potential of RH5 Antisense on Plasmodium falciparum Proliferation Abatement by Sepand Razavi Vakhshourpour, Mehdi Nateghpour, Nader Shahrokhi, Afsaneh Motevalli Haghi, Mehdi Mohebali, Haleh Hanifian

“…Results: RH5 genes start codon regions selected as conserved region besed on alignment results. …”
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Characterization of the Cambaroides wladiwostokiensis Birstein & Vinogradov, 1934 (Decapoda: Astacidea) Mitochondrial Genome Using Genome Skimming and the Phylogenetic Implications... by Sergei V. Turanov, Evgeny I. Barabanshchikov

“…Protein-coding genes varied in size and typically exhibited common start (ATG) and stop (TAA) codons. However, exceptions were noted in ND5 (start codon: GTG) and ND1 (stop codon: TAG). …”
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TP53 Gene 72 Arg/Pro (rs1042522) single nucleotide polymorphism increases the risk and the severity of chronic lymphocytic leukemia by Asma Ounalli, Asma Ounalli, Imen Moumni, Amal Mechaal, Amal Mechaal, Aya Chakroun, Mbarka Barmat, Rim El Elj Rhim, Samia Menif, Ines Safra

“…Single nucleotide polymorphism (rs1042522:G&gt;C) in TP53 gene at codon 72 encodes for arginine (Arg) or proline (Pro) variant which results in amino acid substitution affecting the apoptotic potential of TP53 protein. …”
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Spoligotyping and drug sensitivity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolated from pulmonary tuberculosis patients in the Arsi Zone of southeastern Ethiopia by B. Haile, K. Tafess, A. Zewude, B. Yenew, G. Siu, G. Ameni

“…Genotypically, five (5.4%) isolates were resistant to isoniazid and mutated at codon S315T1 of katG. In contrast, only 1.1% of the isolates were resistant to rifampicin and were mutated at codon S531L of rpoB gene. …”
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