The complete mitochondrial genome of Archamia macropterus (Perciformes; Apogonidae) and phylogenetic studies of Perciformes by Yun Pan, Jian Chen, Chan Liu, Lin Zeng, Xiangjiong Zhao

“…All protein-coding genes started with an ATG initiation codon, except COI used GTG. With the exception of ND6, all other genes were encoded on the heavy strand, the NJ tree demonstrated that A. macropterus has a closest relationship with Cheilodipterus quinquelineatus and Apogon semilineatus.…”
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Mitochondrial genome of Bolanusoides shaanxiensis (Cicadellidae: Typhlocybinae: Typhlocybini), with its phylogenetic analysis by Bin Yan, Hao-Xi Li, Xiao-Fei Yu, Mao-Fa Yang

“…Most of PCGs started with ATN and stopped with TAA, except for ATP8 started with TTG, COX2, COX3 and ND5 used incomplete T as stop codon. The phylogeny tree is monophyletic among 31 related species. …”
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Genetic Code Engineering by Natural and Unnatural Base Pair Systems for the Site-Specific Incorporation of Non-Standard Amino Acids Into Proteins by Michiko Kimoto, Ichiro Hirao

“…If we expand the genetic code or develop alternative codes, we could create novel biological systems and biotechnologies by the site-specific incorporation of non-standard amino acids (or unnatural amino acids, unAAs) into proteins. To this end, new codons and their complementary anticodons are required for unAAs. …”
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Base molecular de uma beta-talassémia de transmissão dominante. by P Faustino, J Barbot, J Gonçalves, M J Peres, J Lavinha

“…The G-->T transversion at codon 121 of the beta-globin gene was found in the affected individuals in association with Orkin's haplotype V. …”
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The complete mitochondrial genome of the Adonis ladybird, Hippodamia variegata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) by Ya-Nan Hao, Chang-Zhong Liu, Yuan-Xing Sun

“…The mitogenome is 17,823 bp in length, consisting of 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes, two ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes, and one non-coding control region. Initiation codons ATA, ATG, ATT, and AAT were identified in two, five, five, and one PCGs, respectively, whereas stop codons TAA or TAG were found in eight genes except for five genes which use incomplete stop codon T–. …”
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The complete mitochondrial genome of the parasitic sheep ked Melophagus ovinus (Diptera: Hippoboscidae) by Zhi-Qiang Liu, Nuer Kuermanali, Zhao Li, Shi-Jun Chen, Yuan-Zhi Wang, Han Tao, Chuang-Fu Chen

“…Its organization and characteristics, including the size, structure, gene order, start/stop codon usage and gene overlaps, are largely typical for Diptera. …”
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Characterization of the complete mitochondrial genome of Tripetaloceroides tonkinensis (Orthoptera: Tetrigoidea) from China and its phylogenetic analysis by Rong-Jiao Zhang, Lei Xin, Wei-An Deng

“…Thirteen PCGs started with typical ATN codon and ended with complete stop codons (five with TAG, eight with TAA). …”
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The complete mitochondrial genome of Tenomerga trabecula (Coleoptera: Archostemata: Cupedidae) and phylogenetic analysis among Coleoptera by Lijie Jin, Yujie Li, Ming Bai

“…The genome organization, nucleotide composition, and codon usage are similar to other beetles. Phylogenetic analysis shows that Archostemata is monophyletic. …”
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Phylogenetic analysis of the complete mitochondrial genome of the graphic beauty butterfly Baeotus beotus (Doubleday 1849) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Nymphalinae: Coeini) by Melanie M. L. Lalonde

“…Baeotus beotus COX1 features an atypical CGA start codon and COX1, COX2, ND1, and ND4 exhibit incomplete stop codons completed by the addition of 3’ A residues to the mRNA. …”
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Isolation of a cDNA encoding an IgG immunoreactive antigen (zinc finger protein) of Strongyloides stercoralis by Siddiqui A.A., Stanley C.S., Berk S.L.

“…The nucleotide sequence of the 1,328 bp insert was found to be 70.5% ; A/T, reflecting a characteristic A/T codon bias of S. stercoralis. The nucleotide sequence of this insert identified a cDNA coding for a zinc finger protein. …”
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Clustering-Based Methods for Clinical Risk Prediction of Rare Missense Variants by Bernatchez, Jackson

“…Typically, variants which lead to loss of function (e.g. nonsense or stop-codon inducing variants, frameshifts, or deletions) are more easily classified as pathogenic in an established disease gene. …”
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p53 polymorphism influences response in cancer chemotherapy via modulation of p73-dependent apoptosis. by Bergamaschi, D, Gasco, M, Hiller, L, Sullivan, A, Syed, N, Trigiante, G, Yulug, I, Merlano, M, Numico, G, Comino, A, Attard, M, Reelfs, O, Gusterson, B, Bell, A, Heath, V, Tavassoli, M, Farrell, P, Smith, P, Lu, X, Crook, T

“…A polymorphism encoding either arginine (72R) or proline (72P) at codon 72 of p53 influences inhibition of p73 by a range of p53 mutants identified in squamous cancers. …”

Characterisation of the membrane-extrinsic domain of the TatB component of the twin arginine protein translocase. by Maldonado, B, Kneuper, H, Buchanan, G, Hatzixanthis, K, Sargent, F, Berks, B, Palmer, T

“…We were unable to isolate transport-inactive single codon substitution mutations in tatB suggesting that the precise amino acid sequence of TatB is not critical to its function.…”

Host susceptibility and clinical outcomes in toll-like receptor 5-deficient patients with typhoid fever in Vietnam. by Dunstan, S, Hawn, T, Hue, N, Parry, C, Ho, V, Vinh, H, Diep, T, House, D, Wain, J, Aderem, A, Hien, T, Farrar, J

“…A polymorphism in the TLR5 gene introduces a premature stop codon (TLR5(392STOP)) that is associated with susceptibility to legionnaires disease. …”

Mutant prolactin receptor and familial hyperprolactinemia by Newey, P, Gorvin, C, Cleland, S, Willberg, C, Bridge, M, Azharuddin, M, Drummond, R, van der Merwe, P, Klenerman, P, Bountra, C, Thakker, R

“…These symptoms were not associated with pituitary tumors or multiple endocrine neoplasia but were due to a heterozygous mutation in the prolactin receptor gene, PRLR, resulting in an amino acid change from histidine to arginine at codon 188 (His188Arg). This substitution disrupted the high-affinity ligand-binding interface of the prolactin receptor, resulting in a loss of downstream signaling by Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5). …”

Molecular monitoring of the Leu-164 mutation of dihydrofolate reductase in a highly sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine-resistant area in Africa. by Ochong, E, Nzila, A, Kimani, S, Kokwaro, G, Mutabingwa, T, Watkins, W, Marsh, K

“…The selection of point mutation at codon 164 (from isoleucine to leucine) of the dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) enzyme in Plasmodium falciparum is associated with high sulfadoxine /pyrimethamine (SP) resistance. …”

Allelic variation of the 5-HT2C receptor (HTR2C) in bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder. by Burnet, P, Smith, K, Cowen, P, Fairburn, C, Harrison, P

“…There is a common polymorphism of the human 5-HT2C receptor at codon 23 (cys23ser) which has been reported to be a risk factor for certain psychiatric disorders and a predictor of their pharmacotherapeutic response. …”

Heterosexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 variants associated with zidovudine resistance. by Conlon, C, Klenerman, P, Edwards, A, Larder, B, Phillips, R

“…DNA sequencing of HIV-1 proviruses confirmed that these 2 persons shared HIV genetic variants, including a mutation at codon 70 in the reverse transcriptase gene associated with reduced in vitro sensitivity to zidovudine. …”

From chemical mutagenesis to post-expression mutagenesis: A 50 year odyssey. by Wright, T, Vallée, M, Davis, B

“…The ongoing maturation of stop codon suppression and related technologies for unnatural amino acid incorporation has greatly expanded access to nonstandard amino acids by expanding the scope of the translational apparatus. …”

Winter temperature and UV are tightly linked to genetic changes in the p53 tumor suppressor pathway in Eastern Asia. by Shi, H, Tan, S, Zhong, H, Hu, W, Levine, A, Xiao, C, Peng, Y, Qi, X, Shou, W, Ma, R, Li, Y, Su, B, Lu, X

“…Two human-specific polymorphisms, p53 codon 72 and MDM2 SNP309, influence the activities of p53. …”