Transfer RNA Mutation Associated with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus by Fanny Rizki Rahmadanthi, Iman Permana Maksum

“…The 22 tRNA genes carry the amino acid that corresponds to that codon but changes in the genetic code often occur such as gene mutations that impact the formation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). …”
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The complete mitochondrial genome of Apis mellifera meda (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Apidae) by Amin Eimanifar, Rebecca T. Kimball, Edward L. Braun, Stefan Fuchs, Bernd Grünewald, James D. Ellis

“…All genes initiate with ATT (six genes), ATG (four genes), ATA (two genes), and ATC (one gene) start codons and terminate with a TAA stop codon. Four genes are encoded on the heavy and nine on the light strands, respectively. …”
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Mitochondrial genome of a brachypterous species in Meconematinae: Acosmetura nigrogeniculata and its phylogenetic implication by Ning Han, Hao Yuan, Jing Wang, Yafu Zhou, Shaoli Mao

“…The general genomic characters including nucleotides composition, gene arrangement, and codon usage were similar to those of other Meconematinae species. …”
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Protein languages differ depending on microorganism lifestyle. by Joseph J Grzymski, Adam G Marsh

“…General principles about complete proteomes exist for codon usage, amino acid biases and essential or core genes. …”
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The complete mitochondrial genome of Pidorus atratus (Lepidoptera: Zygaenoidea: Zygaenidae) by Zihui Wang, Shun Yao, Xiaoyue Zhu, Jiasheng Hao

“…All protein-coding genes (PCGs) start with ATN, except for cox1 gene with CGA; 10 of the 13 PCGs harbour the typical stop codon TAA, whereas cox1, cox2, and nad4 end with a single T. …”
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A system for coordinated analysis of translational readthrough and nonsense-mediated mRNA decay. by Stacey L Baker, J Robert Hogg

“…The nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) pathway degrades mRNAs containing premature termination codons, limiting the expression of potentially deleterious truncated proteins. …”
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The Uniqueness of Tryptophan in Biology: Properties, Metabolism, Interactions and Localization in Proteins by Sailen Barik

“…In most eukaryotes, Trp is the only amino acid besides Met, which is coded for by a single codon, namely UGG. Due to the large and hydrophobic π-electron surface area, its aromatic side chain interacts with multiple other side chains in the protein, befitting its strategic locations in the protein structure. …”
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The Potential Role of Lysosomal Sequestration in Sunitinib Resistance of Renal Cell Cancer by Kaamar Azijli, Kristy J Gotink, Henk M.W Verheul

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The mitochondrial genome of Phyllodiaptomus tunguidus Shen & Tai, 1964 (Copepoda, Calanoida) and its phylogeny by Xiaoli Zhang, Shaolin Xu, Ping Liu, Qi Huang, Huiming Li, Henri J. Dumont, Bo-Ping Han

“…All protein-coding genes are initiated by a typical “ATN” codon. ND1, ND2, ATP6 genes are terminated with “TAG”, the other 10 genes are terminated with “TAA”. …”
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The complete mitochondrial genome of Gryposmylus pennyi (Neuroptera: Osmylidae) by Han Xu, Fan Song, Zhiqi Liu

“…Besides, COI initiates with TCG, remaining 12 PCGs use ATN as the start codon. Most of PCGs terminate with TAA codons but COII, CytB, ND4 andND5  with a single T residue. …”
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Characterization of the complete mitochondrial genome of the critically endangered Southern River Terrapin, Batagur affinis affinis (Reptilia: Geoemydidae) by Mohd Hairul Mohd Salleh, Yuzine Esa, Han Ming Gan

“…Except for CO1, which has a GTG start codon, all protein-coding genes begin with ATG. The mitogenome has been deposited in NCBI GenBank under the accession number OQ409915. …”
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A Narrative Review of Pheochromocytoma in VHL by Danilo Coco, Silvana Leanza

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Cloning and Comparison of Prolactin Promoter in Galliformes by Gen Hiyama, David Zadworny, Norio Kansaku

“…The PRL promoters of 7 galliformes including red junglefowl were found to have, on average, 91.2% sequence identity over the entire region and 97% sequence identity was observed in the proximal promoter (from the initiation codon (+55) to -130). Moreover, average of sequence identities was 91.6% among 11 avian species (7 galliformes, duck, Java sparrow, budgerigar and ostrich). …”
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Enhanced Prokaryotic Expression of Dengue Virus Envelope Protein by Advaita Ganguly, Ravindra B. Malabadi, Dipankar Das, Mavanur R. Suresh, Hoon H Sunwoo

“…To highlight the expression and purification of the recombinant dengue virus type-1 antigen exploiting the codon optimized full length envelope for increased yield in E. coli. …”
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Post-Alignment Adjustment and Its Automation by Xuhua Xia

“…Here, I outlined several commonly encountered alignment errors that cannot be avoided by progressive MSA for nucleotide, amino acid, and codon sequences. Methods that could be automated to fix such alignment errors were then presented. …”
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First mitochondrial genome of Euprosopia sp. (Diptera: Platystomatidae) by Peng Hou, Liang Wang, Xin Li, Ding Yang

“…All PCGs start with ATN codons, except COI and ND1, and end with TAA or incomplete stop codon TA + tRNA. …”
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Genome analysis of the yeast Diutina catenulata, a member of the Debaryomycetaceae/Metschnikowiaceae (CTG-Ser) clade. by Caoimhe E O'Brien, Charley G P McCarthy, Annie E Walshe, Dennis R Shaw, Deirdre A Sumski, Tadeusz Krassowski, David A Fitzpatrick, Geraldine Butler

“…Examination of the tRNA repertoire and coding potential of this species shows that it translates the CUG codon as serine and not leucine. In addition, two phylogenetic analyses using 204 ubiquitous gene family alignments and 3,826 single-copy genes both confirm the placement of the species in the Debaryomycetaceae/Metschnikowiaceae, or CTG-Ser clade. …”
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Complete mitochondrial genome of a leaf-mining beetle, Agonita chinensis Weise (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) by Qingyun Guo, Jiasheng Xu, Chengqing Liao, Xiaohua Dai, Xilin Jiang

“…Twelve PCGs were initiated by ATN codons, except that nad1 started with TTG. Only four PCGs used the typical stop codon ‘TAA’ and ‘TGA’, while nine PCGs terminated with incomplete stop codons (TA or T). …”
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Characterization of the complete mitochondrial genome of brown barracuda, Sphyraena pinguis (Perciformes: Sphyraenidae) by Nazia Tabassum, Wongyu Park, Hae-Ja Baek, Jae-Young Je, Hyun-Woo Kim

“…Its total length was 16,620 bps in length, which possessed the canonical 37 genes in the eukaryotes. Unusual start codon was exclusively found in COX1(GTG), while incomplete stop codons (TA–/T—) were identified in ATP6, COX2, ND3, ND4, and Cyt b. …”
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Sequencing and analysis of the complete mitochondrial genome of Mansonia uniformis (Dipera: Culicidae) by Junhua Tian, Bin Yu, Xianfeng Shi, Huan Liang, Dehuan Wang, Mihong Ge

“…Most PCGs start with ATN codons, and end with TAA, except for COX1 starting with TCG codons and COX2 ending with a single thymine stop codon. …”
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