Efficient generation of targeted point mutations in the Brassica oleracea var. botrytis genome via a modified CRISPR/Cas9 system by Guixiang Wang, Mei Zong, Di Liu, Yage Wu, Shouwei Tian, Shuo Han, Ning Guo, Mengmeng Duan, Liming Miao, Fan Liu

“…For ALS gene, a C-to-T conversion in the Pro182 codon (CCT) can alter the encoded amino acid, likely resulting in herbicide resistance, and a C-to-T mutation in the Leu133 codon (CTT) in the CENH3 gene may produce a haploid inducer. …”
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Genomic analysis of ERVWE2 locus in patients with Multiple sclerosis: absence of genetic association but potential role of Human Endogenous retrovirus type W elements in molecular... by Guilherme S Olival, Thiago Santiago Faria, Luiz Henrique S Nali, Augusto Cesar Penalva de Oliveira, Jorge SR Casseb, Jorge SR Casseb, Jose Ernesto eVidal, Vitor eCavenaghi, Charles eTilbery, Lenira eMoraes, Maria Cristina eFink, Laura eSumita, Hervé ePerron, Camila Malta Romano

“…However, ERVWE2 DNA sequencing of MS and healthy individuals revealed that all of them harbor a stop codon at site 39, undermining the expression of a full-length protein. …”
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A novel de novo TP63 mutation in whole‐exome sequencing of a Syrian family with Oral cleft and ectrodactyly by Claire L. Simpson, Danielle C. Kimble, Settara C. Chandrasekharappa, NISC Comparative Sequencing Program, Khalid Alqosayer, Emily Holzinger, Blake Carrington, John McElderry, Raman Sood, Ghiath Al‐Souqi, Hasan Albacha‐Hejazi, Joan E. Bailey‐Wilson

“…Two known mutations in the same codon (c.956G > A, p.(Arg319His; rs121908839, c.955C > T), p.Arg319Cys) cause ectrodactyly, providing evidence that mutating this codon is deleterious. …”
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Whole-Exome Sequencing Identifies DYNC2H1 Mutations as a Cause of Jeune Asphyxiating Thoracic Dystrophy Without Extra‐Skeletal Organ Involvement by Asseri AA, Alzoani AA, Almahdi M, Almahdi H, Almushayt N, Alyazidi NS, Al Mufarrih BM

“…(Arg3014Ile) missense variant, which results in the substitution of the arginine codon at amino acid position 3014 with an isoleucine codon. …”
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Genetic diversity, haplotype analysis, and prevalence of Hepatitis B virus MHR mutations among isolates from Kenyan blood donors. by Benard Kibet Langat, Kevin Omondi Ochwedo, Jamie Borlang, Carla Osiowy, Alex Mutai, Fredrick Okoth, Edward Muge, Anton Andonov, Elijah Songok Maritim

“…In addition, within the same cohort, the incidence and features of immune-associated escape mutations and stop-codons in Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) were determined.…”
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Characterization of the complete mitochondrial genome of the Tianjun yak (Bos grunniens) by Xian Guo, Xiaoyun Wu, Pengjia Bao, Suonan Zhao, Jinshou Ma, Shenbujia Yang, Min Chu, Xuezhi Ding, Xixi Yao, Chunnian Liang, Jie Pei, Ping Yan

“…The PCGs are initiated with the typical ATA or ATG codons, and are terminated with TAA, TAG or the incomplete stop codon T––. …”
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TcruziDB, an Integrated Database, and the WWW Information Server for the Trypanosoma cruzi Genome Project by Degrave Wim, Miranda Antonio B de, Alex Amorim, Brandão Adeílton, Aslett Martin, Vandeyar Mark

“…It contains biological and parasitological data on CL Brener, its karyotype, all available T. cruzi sequences from Genbank, data on the EST-sequencing project and on available libraries, a T. cruzi codon table and a listing of activities and participating groups in the genome project, as well as meeting reports. …”
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Complete mitochondrial genome of the fish leech Zeylanicobdella arugamensis by Yongbo Wang, Min Huang, Rongxia Wang, Lanyu Fu

“…The nucleotide base content of Z. arugamensis mitogenome was 35.5% A, 10.4% C, 10.4% G, and 43.7% T. Start codon ATG was used in PCGs, while most of the termination codons are incomplete T or TA. …”
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A molecular phylogeny of Hemiptera inferred from mitochondrial genome sequences. by Nan Song, Ai-Ping Liang, Cui-Ping Bu

“…Selection of optimal evolutionary models (exclusion and inclusion of two rRNA genes or of third codon positions of protein-coding genes) demonstrated that rapidly evolving and saturated sites should be removed from the analyses.…”
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The complete mitochondrial genome of the jewel beetle Coraebus cavifrons (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) by Liangming Cao, Xiaoyi Wang

“…Protein-coding genes all initiate with ATN codons except for COII uses GTG. Most of the protein-coding genes use TAA or TAG as the stop codon, but COII, COIII, and ND5 terminate with a single T. …”
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Optimization of a coronavirus genus recognition procedure based on the n-gene of prototypic strains by Chaley Maria, Kutyrkin Vladimir

“…This paper proposes optimization of the genus recognition of coronavirus by eliminating a significant number of codons from the 64 codons of the genetic code (26 in one case and 57 in the other). …”
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A Rare Site of Metachronous Metastases from Renal Cell Carcinoma by Madhuri Nutakki, Kanchan. V. Murhekar, Shirley Sundersingh, Anand Raja

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The complete mitogenome of scaly thrush Zoothera aurea (Passeriformes, Turdidae) by Jiaqi Li, Keer Miao, Xi Wu, Qi Wang, Chaochao Hu, Peng Li

“…Most of the PCGs began with the ATG as the start codon, and six kinds of termination codons were used in this mitogenome. …”
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Complete mitochondrial genome of the apple snail Pomacea diffusa (Gastropoda, Ampullariidae) with phylogenetic consideration by Jing Guo, Huirong Yang, Chunxia Zhang, Huayi Xue, Yu Xia, Jia-En Zhang

“…All the protein-coding genes start with ATC initiation codon, and two types of inferred termination codons are TAA and TAG. …”
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Decoding stoichiometric protein synthesis in E. coli through translation rate parameters by Inayat Ullah Irshad, Ajeet K. Sharma

“…We also find that the translation initiation rates in E. coli are influenced by the coding sequence length and the enrichment of A and C nucleotides near the start codon. Thus, this study rationalizes the role of conserved and nonrandom features of genes in regulating the translation kinetics and unravels a key principle of the regulation of protein synthesis.…”
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Generation of three induced pluripotent stem cell lines carrying different variants of the BDNF (Val66Met) polymorphism by Sandra Horschitz, Josef Frank, Philipp Koch

“…One human-specific single nucleotide polymorphism (rs6265) in the BDNF gene causes a substitution of valine (Val) to methionine (Met) at codon 66 in the pro domain of the protein (Val66Met). …”
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Characterization of the complete mitochondrial genome of Ergatettix serrifemora (Orthoptera: Tetrigidae) from China and its phylogenetic analysis by Xiao-Dong Li, Xiao-Li Ying, Wei-An Deng, Rong-Jiao Zhang, Ran Li

“…Twelve PCGs started with typical ATN codon and eleven ended with complete stop codons (three with TAG, eight with TAA). …”
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Book Review: Signs of Science - Linguistics meets Biology by Robert Prinz

“…We can find such rules embedded in the genetic code, for example, where a transfer RNA relates a codon in mRNA to an amino acid. Nevertheless, it could have evolved in another way as well as genetic code engineering shows. …”
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Durable Remission with Immunotherapy in a Patient with Sarcomatoid Renal Cell Carcinoma by Nwabundo Anusim, Damilola Gbadebo, Olabisi Afolayan-Oloye, Ishmael Jaiyesimi

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The HopPtoF Locus of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 Encodes a Type III Chaperone and a Cognate Effector by Libo Shan, Hye-sook Oh, Jianfu Chen, Ming Guo, Jianmin Zhou, James R. Alfano, Alan Collmer, Xu Jia, Xiaoyan Tang

“…Translation of HopFPto starts at a rare initiation codon ATA that limits the synthesis of the HopFPto protein to a low level in bacterial cells.…”
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