General Concepts & Components of Space Exploration / by Lam, Leland, author 648372

“…An astronaut or cosmonaut is a person trained by a human spaceflight program to command , pilot , or serve as a crew member of a spacecraft . …”
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Handbook of Space Shuttle Missions / by Brown, Zayne, author 648054

“…STS - 1 was the only US manned maiden test flight of a new spacecraft system, although it was the culmination of atmospheric testing of the Space Shuttle orbiter. Crew Position Commander Pilot Astronaut John W. Young Fifth spaceflight Robert Crippen First spaceflight.…”
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